6 teaspoons = ­­­___mL (Fill in the blank with the numerical value only)

A. Hepatic metabolism will fully compensate for the decreased renal excretion: This is inaccurate. While the liver may play a role in metabolizing some drugs, it cannot fully compensate for reduced renal clearance of medications that are primarily excreted by the kidneys.
B. Dose adjustment may be necessary to prevent drug accumulation: In patients with kidney failure, reduced renal clearance slows the elimination of renally-excreted drugs. Without dose adjustment, drug levels can build up, increasing the risk of toxicity. Dosing must be tailored to the patient’s renal function, often guided by creatinine clearance or GFR.
C. The medication's half-life will likely be shorter due to decreased renal function: The opposite is true. Impaired renal function slows drug excretion, prolonging the drug’s half-life, which means the drug stays in the system longer and can accumulate to toxic levels if not adjusted.
D. The risk of drug toxicity is decreased due to impaired excretion: Impaired excretion increases, not decreases, the risk of toxicity. Renally-excreted drugs that are not properly cleared can accumulate and reach dangerous concentrations in the bloodstream.

A. "All antipsychotic drugs carry an equal risk of causing movement-related side effects.": First-generation antipsychotics like Haloperidol are more likely to cause extrapyramidal symptoms due to their potent dopamine D2 receptor blockade. Second-generation antipsychotics carry a lower risk, making this statement inconsistent with clinical evidence.
B. "These side effects happen because this drug blocks dopamine in certain parts of my brain.": Extrapyramidal symptoms are primarily due to dopamine blockade in the nigrostriatal pathway, which regulates motor control. Interference in this region leads to tremors, rigidity, and other movement disorders.
C. "Taking other drugs with my Haloperidol can increase the risk of extrapyramidal symptoms.": Concurrent use of medications that also affect dopamine pathways or have sedative effects can increase the likelihood of developing EPS. Drug interactions are a significant factor in overall risk.
D. "Tardive dyskinesia occurs with prolonged use of an antipsychotic drug.": Long-term use of dopamine-blocking agents, especially at high doses, can lead to tardive dyskinesia. This condition involves involuntary movements and may be irreversible, particularly in older adults.