A 23-year-old female college student is referred to the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) by her school counselor. She reports feeling exhausted several times per week, to the point of being unable to stay awake. She has fallen asleep in class more than once. She also reports periods of "zoning out" for a few seconds. During these episodes, it feels like her muscles "give out," but she doesn't fall asleep. This also occurs several times a week. The woman says these symptoms have been occurring since the beginning of the semester, 3 months ago. Which diagnosis best describes this clinical picture?
Hypersomnolence
Sleep inertia
Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder
Narcolepsy
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: Hypersomnolence disorder is characterized by excessive sleepiness despite a main sleep period lasting at least seven hours. It typically involves prolonged sleep episodes or recurrent daytime naps that are not refreshing. However, it does not include sudden muscle weakness or episodes of “zoning out” with preserved awareness. The presence of cataplexy-like symptoms in this case makes hypersomnolence less likely.
Choice B reason: Sleep inertia refers to the transitional state of grogginess and impaired performance immediately after waking. It does not involve sudden sleep episodes during the day or muscle weakness triggered by emotions. The student’s symptoms are not limited to waking periods but occur throughout the day, making sleep inertia an incorrect diagnosis.
Choice C reason: Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders involve misalignment between the internal circadian clock and the external environment, leading to insomnia or excessive sleepiness at inappropriate times. However, these disorders do not typically include cataplexy-like symptoms or sudden sleep attacks. The episodic muscle weakness and daytime sleep episodes described here are not consistent with circadian rhythm disorders.
Choice D reason: Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden sleep attacks, and cataplexy—brief episodes of muscle weakness triggered by strong emotions. The student’s symptoms of falling asleep in class, zoning out, and experiencing muscle weakness without sleep are classic signs of narcolepsy, particularly type 1, which includes cataplexy. This diagnosis best fits the clinical picture.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Minocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic and has not been established as a treatment for autonomic dysreflexia. While it has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties in experimental models, it is not part of the clinical management protocol for autonomic dysreflexia.
Choice B reason: OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) has been used in patients with neurogenic bladder or spasticity, which can contribute to autonomic dysreflexia. It helps reduce bladder overactivity and prevent triggering episodes.
Choice C reason: Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, is commonly used to manage acute hypertension in autonomic dysreflexia. It reduces blood pressure quickly and is considered a first-line agent in emergent settings.
Choice D reason: Lidocaine may be used to suppress afferent stimuli during procedures such as catheterization, which can trigger autonomic dysreflexia. It helps block nociceptive input and prevent reflex sympathetic discharge.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: PCOS is a multifactorial endocrine disorder characterized by altered LH secretion, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenism. Insulin resistance contributes to increased androgen production by the ovaries, and elevated LH levels stimulate theca cells, further exacerbating androgen excess. These mechanisms disrupt follicular development and ovulation.
Choice B reason: While thyroid dysfunction and hyperprolactinemia can cause menstrual irregularities, they are not part of the pathogenesis of PCOS. Nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia may mimic PCOS but is a distinct condition.
Choice C reason: Hypothalamic amenorrhea and primary ovarian insufficiency are causes of secondary amenorrhea but are unrelated to the pathogenesis of PCOS. They involve different hormonal profiles and etiologies.
Choice D reason: An androgen-secreting tumor can cause virilization and menstrual disturbances but is a rare and distinct cause of hyperandrogenism. It is not part of the typical pathophysiology of PCOS.
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