A 39-year-old man is distressed upon being diagnosed with oral cancer. The increasing incidence of oropharyngeal cancers is primarily due to which of the following?
Smoking
Air pollution
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Alcohol
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A reason: Smoking is a well-established risk factor for oral and oropharyngeal cancers, but its contribution to the increasing incidence has declined due to public health efforts and reduced smoking rates. It remains a significant cause but not the primary driver of the recent rise.
Choice B reason: Air pollution is associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, but it is not a recognized major contributor to oropharyngeal cancers. There is no strong epidemiological link between air pollution and the rising incidence of these cancers.
Choice C reason: Human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV-16, has emerged as the leading cause of the increasing incidence of oropharyngeal cancers, especially among younger adults who do not smoke. HPV-related cancers tend to affect the tonsils and base of the tongue and are biologically distinct from those caused by tobacco and alcohol.
Choice D reason: Alcohol is a known risk factor for oral cancers, especially when combined with tobacco use. However, like smoking, its role in the rising incidence is secondary to HPV, which has become the predominant etiological factor in recent years.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: The mu-opioid receptor is primarily responsible for the analgesic and euphoric effects of opioids, but it also mediates respiratory depression. Fentanyl, a potent mu-opioid receptor agonist, can cause life-threatening respiratory suppression, which is reversed by naloxone, a mu-opioid antagonist.
Choice B reason: The kappa-opioid receptor is involved in analgesia and dysphoria but does not significantly contribute to respiratory depression. Its activation may produce sedation but not the profound respiratory effects seen with mu receptor activation.
Choice C reason: The delta-opioid receptor plays a role in modulating mood and analgesia but is not primarily associated with respiratory depression. Its effects are less potent and less clinically relevant in overdose scenarios.
Choice D reason: Omega is not a recognized opioid receptor subtype. It is not involved in opioid pharmacodynamics and is not relevant to respiratory depression.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Affirmation is a core principle of motivational interviewing. This statement validates the client’s courage and honesty, reinforcing her autonomy and self-awareness. It builds rapport and encourages continued openness, which is essential for collaborative treatment planning.
Choice B reason: This statement is judgmental and undermines the therapeutic alliance. It reflects blame and hindsight bias, which can increase shame and resistance in the client.
Choice C reason: While medical detox may be clinically appropriate, this directive lacks empathy and does not align with motivational interviewing principles. It bypasses the client’s readiness for change and may provoke defensiveness.
Choice D reason: Taking partial blame may seem empathetic, but it shifts focus away from the client’s agency and responsibility. It also risks undermining the PMHNP’s professional boundaries and therapeutic neutrality.
Whether you are a student looking to ace your exams or a practicing nurse seeking to enhance your expertise , our nursing education contents will empower you with the confidence and competence to make a difference in the lives of patients and become a respected leader in the healthcare field.
Visit Naxlex, invest in your future and unlock endless possibilities with our unparalleled nursing education contents today
Report Wrong Answer on the Current Question
Do you disagree with the answer? If yes, what is your expected answer? Explain.
Kindly be descriptive with the issue you are facing.