A 39-year-old man is distressed upon being diagnosed with oral cancer. The increasing incidence of oropharyngeal cancers is primarily due to which of the following?
Smoking
Air pollution
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Alcohol
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A reason: Smoking is a well-established risk factor for oral and oropharyngeal cancers, but its contribution to the increasing incidence has declined due to public health efforts and reduced smoking rates. It remains a significant cause but not the primary driver of the recent rise.
Choice B reason: Air pollution is associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, but it is not a recognized major contributor to oropharyngeal cancers. There is no strong epidemiological link between air pollution and the rising incidence of these cancers.
Choice C reason: Human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV-16, has emerged as the leading cause of the increasing incidence of oropharyngeal cancers, especially among younger adults who do not smoke. HPV-related cancers tend to affect the tonsils and base of the tongue and are biologically distinct from those caused by tobacco and alcohol.
Choice D reason: Alcohol is a known risk factor for oral cancers, especially when combined with tobacco use. However, like smoking, its role in the rising incidence is secondary to HPV, which has become the predominant etiological factor in recent years.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: This statement is speculative and interpretive rather than directive. It attempts to explore Ashley’s motives but does not provide a clear behavioral instruction or intervention, which is characteristic of strategic therapy.
Choice B reason: This is a reflective statement that validates Ashley’s emotional experience. While it may be therapeutic in other modalities, it is not a directive and does not align with the strategic therapy approach, which emphasizes specific behavioral tasks.
Choice C reason: Strategic therapy often involves assigning tasks or directives that disrupt dysfunctional patterns and provoke change. This statement is a clear, structured directive aimed at altering the family’s response to suicidal threats. It engages all members in a behavioral intervention and reflects the strategic therapist’s goal of shifting systemic dynamics.
Choice D reason: This question invites reframing and exploration of systemic issues, which is consistent with family systems therapy but lacks the directive nature of strategic therapy. It does not instruct the family on a specific action to take.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: While 12-step facilitation and meditation can support recovery, they are not considered the primary evidence-based tools for relapse prevention. Meditation may help with stress management, but it lacks the structured approach needed to address triggers and cognitive distortions.
Choice B reason: Addiction counseling and medication-assisted therapy (MAT) are the two most validated and widely used tools for relapse prevention. Counseling provides behavioral strategies, coping mechanisms, and emotional support, while MAT addresses physiological cravings and withdrawal symptoms through medications like buprenorphine, methadone, or naltrexone.
Choice C reason: Cognitive behavioral therapy is a core component of relapse prevention, but pairing it with mind-body relaxation alone does not encompass the full scope of treatment. Relaxation techniques are supportive but not primary.
Choice D reason: Family therapy and yoga may enhance recovery by improving relationships and reducing stress, but they are adjunctive rather than primary tools. They do not directly target the mechanisms of relapse.
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