A client has idiopathic parkinsonism. Her physician prescribed benztropine mesylate (Cogentin) 1 mg po daily. The nurse explains to her that the pathophysiological defect is an imbalance between:

Estrogen and progesterone

An autosomal dominant genetic defect

Dopamine and acetylcholine

Atherosclerosis and lack of blood supply

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. Estrogen and progesterone. These hormones regulate the reproductive system and do not play a direct role in Parkinsonism. While some studies suggest estrogen may have a neuroprotective effect, an imbalance between estrogen and progesterone is not the primary defect in Parkinson’s disease.
B. An autosomal dominant genetic defect. Parkinson’s disease can have a genetic component, but idiopathic Parkinsonism occurs without a clear genetic cause. Most cases are sporadic and result from dopamine depletion, rather than an inherited genetic mutation.
C. Dopamine and acetylcholine. Parkinsonism results from a deficiency of dopamine in the basal ganglia, leading to an imbalance between dopamine (inhibitory) and acetylcholine (excitatory). This imbalance causes motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Benztropine (Cogentin) is an anticholinergic medication that helps reduce acetylcholine activity, restoring balance and improving symptoms.
D. Atherosclerosis and lack of blood supply. While vascular issues can contribute to stroke-related movement disorders, idiopathic Parkinsonism is caused by neurodegeneration, not blood flow problems. Atherosclerosis is not the primary cause of the dopamine-acetylcholine imbalance seen in Parkinsonism.

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Free Nursing Study Resources

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A: "Have you had a recent influenza infection?" Asking about recent influenza infections is important because Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) can follow viral or bacterial infections, with influenza being a common trigger. Recent infections often precede the onset of GBS symptoms, making this inquiry crucial for diagnosis.
B: "Do you have a history of chronic alcohol abuse?" While chronic alcohol abuse can affect overall health, it does not have a direct connection to GBS. This inquiry is less relevant in assessing the suspected diagnosis of GBS.
C: "Have you traveled overseas recently?" Although travel history may provide some context, it does not specifically address the common antecedent infections associated with GBS. This question might lead to useful information but is not the most direct approach to understanding potential triggers.
D: "Are you taking a multivitamin?" Inquiring about multivitamin intake is not relevant to the assessment of GBS. While nutrition is important, multivitamins do not have a known relationship with the onset of symptoms of Guillain-Barré syndrome.

A. "The purpose of this device is to allow for neck movement during the healing process." B. "The purpose of this device is to immobilize the cervical spine." C. "Apply talcum powder under the vest to limit friction." D. "Turn the screws on the device once each day."

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. "The purpose of this device is to allow for neck movement during the healing process." The halo fixation device is designed to completely immobilize the cervical spine, preventing movement to allow for proper healing of spinal injuries. Neck movement is restricted, not encouraged, to avoid further spinal damage.
B. "The purpose of this device is to immobilize the cervical spine." The primary function of a halo fixation device is to stabilize the cervical spine following a spinal cord injury, vertebral fracture, or post-surgical procedure. It provides rigid external fixation to prevent movement that could worsen the injury. Clients must be educated about avoiding activities that may put stress on the device.
C. "Apply talcum powder under the vest to limit friction." Talcum powder should not be used because it can increase skin irritation and moisture buildup, leading to skin breakdown under the vest. Instead, clients should wear a cotton T-shirt under the vest and maintain proper skin hygiene to prevent pressure sores.
D. "Turn the screws on the device once each day." Family members or clients should never adjust the screws. The halo pins should only be adjusted by a healthcare provider, as improper handling can lead to misalignment, pressure injuries, or worsening spinal damage.

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A client has idiopathic parkinsonism. Her physician prescribed benztropine mesylate (Cogentin) 1 mg po daily. The nurse explains to her that the pathophysiological defect is an imbalance between:

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is assessing a client who has a suspected diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Which of the following questions should the nurse ask the client?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A nurse is teaching the family of a client who is receiving treatment for a spinal cord injury with a halo fixation device. Which of the following statements should the nurse make?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A nurse is assessing a client who has a suspected diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Which of the following questions should the nurse ask the client?

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