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Which of the following is a key difference between ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes?

Hemorrhagic strokes result in brain tissue death due to lack of blood flow, whereas ischemic strokes result from bleeding in the brain.

Hemorrhagic strokes are typically treated with clot-busting medications, while ischemic strokes are treated with surgery to repair the ruptured vessel.

Ischemic strokes are generally more common than hemorrhagic strokes.

Ischemic strokes are caused by a rupture of a blood vessel, while hemorrhagic strokes are caused by a blockage in a blood vessel.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A: "Hemorrhagic strokes result in brain tissue death due to lack of blood flow, whereas ischemic strokes result from bleeding in the brain." Ischemic strokes occur when a blood vessel becomes blocked, often due to a clot, preventing blood flow and leading to brain tissue damage from lack of oxygen. In contrast, hemorrhagic strokes involve bleeding into or around the brain, which increases pressure and can cause immediate brain injury.
B: "Hemorrhagic strokes are typically treated with clot-busting medications, while ischemic strokes are treated with surgery to repair the ruptured vessel." Ischemic strokes are often treated with thrombolytic agents, or clot-busting medications, aimed at dissolving the clot and restoring blood flow to the affected area of the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes, on the other hand, may require surgical interventions, such as clipping or coiling of aneurysms, or other measures to stop the bleeding and relieve pressure on the brain.
C: "Ischemic strokes are generally more common than hemorrhagic strokes." Ischemic strokes account for approximately 87% of all strokes, making them significantly more prevalent compared to hemorrhagic strokes. The higher incidence can be attributed to factors such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes, which increase the risk of clots forming in the arteries supplying the brain.
D: "Ischemic strokes are caused by a rupture of a blood vessel, while hemorrhagic strokes are caused by a blockage in a blood vessel." Ischemic strokes result from a blockage in a blood vessel, typically due to a clot, which disrupts blood flow to the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes arise from the rupture of a blood vessel, leading to bleeding in or around the brain.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Stress. Stress is a common trigger for both tension-type headaches and cluster headaches. Tension headaches are often caused by muscle tension and stress, while stress-related physiological changes, such as vasodilation and increased sympathetic activity, can contribute to cluster headaches.
B. Smoking. Smoking is a known trigger for cluster headaches but is not commonly associated with tension-type headaches. Nicotine can cause vasoconstriction, leading to rebound vasodilation that contributes to cluster headache episodes. However, it is not a significant factor in tension-type headaches, which are more related to muscle tension and stress.
C. Depression. Depression is more strongly linked to chronic tension-type headaches, but it is not a major trigger for cluster headaches. Cluster headaches are primarily associated with trigeminal autonomic dysfunction rather than mood disorders.
D. Poor posture. Poor posture is a contributing factor for tension-type headaches due to muscle strain in the neck and shoulders, but it is not a common trigger for cluster headaches, which are linked to hypothalamic activation and vascular changes.

A. Whisper in one of the client's ears while occluding the other. B. Have the client identify specific smells. C. Ask the client to stick out their tongue and observe if it is midline. D. Observe for the ability of the client to turn their head side to side.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Whisper in one of the client's ears while occluding the other. This assesses cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve), which controls hearing and balance. It does not evaluate cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve).
B. Have the client identify specific smells. This tests cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve), which is responsible for the sense of smell. Cranial nerve XII does not play a role in olfaction.
C. Ask the client to stick out their tongue and observe if it is midline. Cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve) controls tongue movement. Asking the client to stick out their tongue and observing for deviation helps assess nerve function. A deviation to one side suggests nerve damage on that side. This nerve is essential for speech, swallowing, and controlling tongue position.
D. Observe for the ability of the client to turn their head side to side. This assesses cranial nerve XI (spinal accessory nerve), which controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. It does not assess cranial nerve XII, which is responsible for tongue movement.

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Which of the following is a key difference between ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes?

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