A client is diagnosed with hypercalcemia.
Which of the following clinical manifestations would the nurse expect to observe (Select all that apply).
Muscle spasms.
Confusion.
Constipation.
Bradycardia.
Polyuria.
Correct Answer : B,C,D
Hypercalcemia is a condition in which the calcium level in the blood is above normal.
This can cause various symptoms, such as confusion, constipation, and bradycardia (slow heart rate).
These are the clinical manifestations that the nurse would expect to observe in a client with hypercalcemia.
Choice A is wrong because muscle spasms are not a common symptom of hypercalcemia.
In fact, hypercalcemia can cause muscle weakness and pain.
Choice E is wrong because polyuria (excessive urination) is not a direct symptom of hypercalcemia, but rather a result of kidney problems caused by hypercalcemia.
Hypercalcemia can make the kidneys work harder to filter the excess calcium, leading to dehydration and thirst.
However, this does not necessarily mean that the client will have polyuria.
Normal ranges for calcium levels in the blood are 8.5 to 10.2 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) or 2.1 to 2.6 mmol/L (millimoles per liter).
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
An isotonic solution has the same concentration of solutes as the blood plasma. 0.9% sodium chloride solution is an example of an isotonic solution.
It is used to supply water and salt to the body and to prevent hypotension induced by spinal anaesthesia.
Choice A is wrong because a hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the blood plasma.
It can cause water to move into the cells and cause them to swell.
Choice C is wrong because a hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the blood plasma.
It can cause water to move out of the cells and cause them to shrink.
Choice D is wrong because a colloid solution contains large molecules that do not pass through the capillary walls.
It is used to increase the blood volume and pressure in cases of shock or severe blood loss.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Oliguria is the term for a urine output less than 400 mL per day. This can indicate dehydration, kidney failure, urinary obstruction, or other conditions that affect urine production.
Choice A is wrong because anuria is the term for a urine output less than 100 mL per day.
This is a more severe form of oliguria and can indicate complete kidney failure or urinary obstruction.
Choice C is wrong because polyuria is the term for a urine output more than 3000 mL per day.
This can indicate diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, diuretic use, or excessive fluid intake.
Choice D is wrong because dysuria is the term for painful or difficult urination.
This can indicate urinary tract infection, kidney stones, bladder inflammation, or other conditions that affect the urinary tract.
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