A nurse develops a delayed hypersensitivity reaction after wearing latex gloves. Which pathophysiologic process is involved in this type of hypersensitive reaction?
Immediate allergic reaction mediated by sensitized mast cells.
Antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues activating inflammation.
T-cells sensitization initiates the macrophage release of cytokines causing a delayed reaction.
Antibodies are formed against antigens on cell surfaces.
The Correct Answer is C
A. Immediate allergic reaction mediated by sensitized mast cells. This describes a Type I hypersensitivity reaction, which is an immediate allergic reaction. It involves IgE antibodies and mast cell degranulation, leading to symptoms such as hives, anaphylaxis, and respiratory distress. Latex allergies can involve Type I reactions, but delayed hypersensitivity is a Type IV reaction.
B. Antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues activating inflammation. This describes a Type III hypersensitivity reaction, which involves immune complex deposition leading to inflammation, as seen in lupus or serum sickness. Latex allergies do not involve immune complex deposition.
C. T-cells sensitization initiates the macrophage release of cytokines causing a delayed reaction. This describes a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction, which is a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) mediated by T-cells rather than antibodies. In latex-induced delayed hypersensitivity, T-cells recognize latex proteins and release cytokines, leading to localized skin inflammation, rash, and itching, typically 24–48 hours after exposure.
D. Antibodies are formed against antigens on cell surfaces. This describes a Type II hypersensitivity reaction, which involves antibody-mediated destruction of cells, as seen in hemolytic anemia or blood transfusion reactions. Latex allergies do not involve direct antibody attack on cells.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Activation of exocytosis. Exocytosis is a cellular process used for releasing substances such as neurotransmitters or hormones, but it is not the primary response to inflammation. The immune response involves chemical mediators like histamine, prostaglandins, and cytokines, which increase vascular permeability.
B. Vasoconstriction. Vasodilation, not vasoconstriction, is a hallmark of inflammation. Initially, there may be a brief period of vasoconstriction, but the primary response is vasodilation, which increases blood flow to the inflamed area.
C. Decreased histamine production. Histamine production increases during inflammation, leading to vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. This allows immune cells to travel to the site of injury or infection.
D. Increased vascular permeability. The inflammatory response involves increased vascular permeability, allowing immune cells, proteins, and fluid to move from the bloodstream into tissues to fight infection and promote healing. This process leads to swelling (edema), redness, and warmth, which are classic signs of inflammation.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. A 70-year-old fair-skinned client who works as a secretary. While fair skin and older age increase skin cancer risk, indoor work minimizes UV exposure, which is the primary risk factor for skin cancer.
B. A 16-year-old dark-skinned client who tans in tanning beds once a week. Tanning bed use increases the risk of skin cancer, but darker skin has more melanin, which provides some UV protection. A fair-skinned person with prolonged outdoor exposure would be at higher risk.
C. A 65-year-old fair-skinned client who is a construction worker. This client has the highest risk due to chronic UV exposure from outdoor work, fair skin (which burns more easily), and older age (increased cumulative sun damage). Occupational sun exposure is a major risk factor for basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
D. A 25-year-old dark-skinned client whose mother had skin cancer. Family history is a risk factor, but darker skin provides more UV protection. Additionally, younger age and less cumulative sun exposure make this client lower risk than an older, fair-skinned construction worker.
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