A nurse is assisting with teaching a class about sources of stress. The nurse should include that which of the following is an example of a physiological stressor?

Choice A reason : Repression is a defense mechanism that involves unconsciously blocking unpleasant feelings, desires, or experiences from one's awareness. It is a way for the ego to protect itself from things that the individual cannot cope with at the moment. In the scenario provided, the client does not seem to be unconsciously blocking out the stress but is instead consciously choosing to focus on different aspects of their life at different times.

Choice B reason : Compartmentalization is a defense mechanism where an individual separates different aspects of their life, allowing them to handle conflicting values or emotions by keeping these aspects in separate 'compartments' in their mind. This seems to be what the client is doing by separating work stress from family life, thus being able to concentrate on family when at home despite the stress at work.

Choice C reason : Regression is a defense mechanism that leads an individual to revert to an earlier stage of development when faced with stress. An example would be an adult throwing a tantrum when they don't get their way, which is not what the client is demonstrating in the scenario⁴.

Choice D reason : Projection is a defense mechanism where an individual attributes their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or motives to another person. For instance, someone who is angry at their colleague may accuse the colleague of being hostile towards them. The client's statement does not indicate that they are projecting their feelings onto others⁵.

Choice A reason : Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. While the causes of ADHD are not fully understood, current research does not establish childhood obesity as a direct risk factor for developing ADHD. ADHD is thought to be linked to genetic factors and certain environmental exposures during pregnancy.

Choice B reason : Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is generally not associated with childhood obesity. In fact, obesity, especially in the long term, is more commonly linked to hypertension (high blood pressure) due to increased strain on the heart and blood vessels, and not hypotension.

Choice C reason : Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition that causes joint inflammation and damage. It is not typically considered a direct complication of childhood obesity. While obesity can contribute to joint problems due to increased mechanical stress, it is not a known cause of autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.

Choice D reason : Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes, is a well-documented potential complication of childhood obesity. Obesity increases the risk of developing insulin resistance, which can lead to elevated blood sugar levels and eventually type 2 diabetes. The excess fat, particularly visceral fat, is associated with chronic inflammation and metabolic changes that contribute to the development of diabetes⁴.