A nurse is caring for a client who has a history of bee sting allergy. The client reports that he was stung by a bee while gardening and is feeling dizzy and short of breath. The nurse observes that the client has urticaria, angioedema, and wheezes. The nurse recognizes that the client is experiencing what type of reaction?

Choice A reason: Type II hypersensitivity is caused by the binding of IgG or IgM antibodies to antigens on the surface of target cells. This leads to complement activation, opsonization, phagocytosis, or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of the target cells. It is seen in conditions such as hemolytic anemia, transfusion reactions, or Graves' disease.

Choice B reason: Type III hypersensitivity is caused by the deposition of immune complexes in the tissues and blood vessels. This leads to complement activation, inflammation, and tissue damage. It is seen in conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, or serum sickness.

Choice C reason: Type IV hypersensitivity is caused by the activation of cytotoxic T cells or helper T cells that release cytokines and recruit macrophages and other inflammatory cells. This leads to delayed and cell-mediated reactions, such as contact dermatitis, tuberculin reaction, or graft rejection.

Choice A reason: Type I hypersensitivity is not involved in tuberculin skin test, as it does not involve IgE antibodies or mast cells.

Choice B reason: Type II hypersensitivity is not involved in tuberculin skin test, as it does not involve IgG or IgM antibodies or target cells.

Choice C reason: Type III hypersensitivity is not involved in tuberculin skin test, as it does not involve immune complexes or complement activation.

Choice D reason: Type IV hypersensitivity is involved in tuberculin skin test, as it involves the activation of helper T cells that recognize the mycobacterial antigens injected into the skin and release cytokines that recruit macrophages and other inflammatory cells. This leads to a delayed and indurated reaction at the site of injection.

Choice E reason: Type V hypersensitivity is also involved in tuberculin skin test, as it involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells that recognize the mycobacterial antigens presented by MHC class I molecules on infected cells and destroy them by releasing perforin and granzymes. This leads to a cell-mediated reaction at the site of infection.