A nurse is caring for a client who has phantom limb pain.
The nurse should identify the client is experiencing which type of pain?

Choice A rationale;

Inability to form healthy relationships: This is more commonly associated with fixation at the phallic stage.

Choice B rationale:

Feelings of shame are associated with Freud's psychosexual stages, particularly during the anal stage. Fixation at the oral stage is more likely to result in issues related to dependency and oral fixation, which may manifest as habits like nail-biting or smoking, rather than feelings of shame.

Choice C rationale:

According to Freud's psychosexual theory, fixation at the oral stage can lead to oral personality traits. These traits are often associated with oral activities like eating, drinking, smoking, and talking. Overeating is a common behavior linked to oral fixation, as it represents a seeking of oral gratification.

Choice D rationale:

Bedwetting is not typically associated with fixation at the oral stage of development. Bedwetting is more commonly linked to issues at the anal stage. In the oral stage, the fixation is primarily related to dependency and oral behaviors. .

Choice A rationale:

Discard the client's last void at the end of the collection time period. This choice is not appropriate. When conducting a 24-hour urine collection, it's essential to include all urine produced during the specified time frame. Discarding the last void would result in an incomplete and inaccurate collection.

Choice B rationale:

Include toilet paper with the collected urine. This choice is also incorrect. Toilet paper is not typically included in a 24-hour urine collection. The purpose of this collection is to accurately measure substances excreted by the kidneys over a specific time period. Toilet paper is not part of this measurement and should not be included.

Choice D rationale:

This helps prevent the breakdown of certain substances and ensures the sample's accuracy. Failure to refrigerate the urine can lead to inaccurate test results. Now, let's discuss the rationale for the correct answer, choice C:

Choice C rationale:

The first void at the beginning of the collection period is typically discarded, as it represents the urine that was in the bladder before the timed collection started. This helps ensure that the collection is accurate and only includes urine produced during the specified 24-hour period. It's important to follow this protocol to obtain reliable test results.