A nurse is caring for a client who has phantom limb pain.
The nurse should identify the client is experiencing which type of pain?

The correct answer is d. "Seeing spots is a manifestation of diabetic retinopathy."

Choice A rationale:

• Clouding of the lens is not a manifestation of diabetic retinopathy.It is a characteristic of cataracts,a condition that involves a different eye structure and has a different etiology.
• Diabetic retinopathy specifically affects the retina,which is the light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eye.It does not directly involve the lens.
• It's crucial to clarify this distinction for the client to ensure accurate understanding of their condition and potential symptoms.

Choice B rationale:

• Increased intraocular pressure is not the cause of diabetic retinopathy.It is the primary feature of glaucoma,another eye condition with distinct causes and consequences.
• Diabetic retinopathy is primarily driven by damage to the blood vessels in the retina due to prolonged high blood sugar levels.
• Explaining this difference to the client can help prevent confusion and promote appropriate preventive measures.

Choice C rationale:

• While regular eye exams are essential for early detection and management of diabetic retinopathy,the recommended frequency is more often than every 2 years.
• The American Diabetes Association recommends that individuals with diabetes have a comprehensive dilated eye exam at least annually.
• More frequent exams may be necessary depending on the individual's risk factors and the severity of their diabetes.

Choice D rationale:

• Seeing spots is a common and significant symptom of diabetic retinopathy.It occurs when blood vessels in the retina leak fluid or bleed,causing disruptions in vision.
• Other potential symptoms of diabetic retinopathy include:
  • Blurred vision
  • Floaters (dark specks or strings that move across the visual field)
  • Difficulty seeing at night or in low light
  • Loss of central vision
  • Distortion of colors
  • Blind spots