A nurse is caring for a client with manifestations of status asthmaticus. Which of the following factors play a role in creating circulatory surge of inflammatory cells and cytokines in this condition? (Select all that apply.)
(Select All that Apply.)

Epithelial cells

OT lymphocytes

Hyperreactivity

Mast cells

Inflammation

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,D,E

Choice A Reason:

Epithelial cells is correct. Epithelial cells lining the airways play a role in initiating the inflammatory response in asthma by releasing cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. These cells can contribute to the circulatory surge of inflammatory cells and cytokines seen in status asthmaticus.

Choice B Reason:

OT lymphocytes is incorrect. There is no specific cell type known as "OT lymphocytes." It's possible this may refer to T lymphocytes (T cells), which are involved in the immune response in asthma but are not typically associated with a circulatory surge in status asthmaticus.

Choice C Reason:

Hyperreactivity is incorrect. Hyperreactivity refers to the exaggerated response of the airways to various stimuli, leading to bronchoconstriction and inflammation. While hyperreactivity is a characteristic feature of asthma, it does not directly contribute to a circulatory surge of inflammatory cells and cytokines.

Choice D Reason:

Mast cells is correct. Mast cells are key players in the pathophysiology of asthma. They release various inflammatory mediators, including histamine and leukotrienes, which contribute to airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus production. Mast cells can participate in the circulatory surge of inflammatory cells and cytokines in status asthmaticus.

Choice E Reason:

Inflammation is correct. Inflammation is a hallmark feature of asthma and plays a central role in the pathogenesis of status asthmaticus. The inflammatory response involves the recruitment and activation of various inflammatory cells, release of cytokines, and other mediators that contribute to airway obstruction and systemic effects.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Correct answer: D

Choice A Reason:

Decreased pulmonary vascular resistance is incorrect. Inflammatory mediators released in response to a pulmonary embolism can lead to vasoconstriction and increased pulmonary vascular resistance. This is part of the body's response to redirect blood flow away from the affected area of the lung and maintain adequate perfusion to other areas.

Choice B Reason:

Hypercapnia is incorrect. Hypercapnia refers to elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood.Hypocapnia usually is present with embolism; hypercapnia, on the other hand, is rare.

Choice C Reason:

Hypoventilation is incorrect. Hypoventilation occurs when there is inadequate ventilation of the lungs relative to metabolic demands. In the context of a pulmonary embolism, hypoventilation can occur due to factors such as pain, respiratory muscle fatigue, or impaired gas exchange, all of which can be influenced by the release of inflammatory mediators.

Choice D Reason:

Respiratory alkalosis is correct.In response to the blockage and the resulting inflammation, the body often increases the respiratory rate as a compensatory mechanism to maintain adequate oxygen levels and remove carbon dioxide.Due to the increased breathing rate, there is excessive exhalation of carbon dioxide, leading to a decrease in the partial pressure of CO2 in the blood. This results in an increase in blood pH, causing respiratory alkalosis.

A. Hypertension B. Client's age C. History of sickle cell disease D. Parent who has cardiovascular disease

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A Reason:

Hypertension is correct. This is a modifiable risk factor for stroke. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, significantly increases the risk of stroke. Treating and controlling hypertension through lifestyle changes and medication can help reduce the risk of stroke.

Choice B Reason:

Client's age is incorrect. While age itself is not modifiable, age is a non-modifiable risk factor for stroke. Risk of stroke increases with age, particularly in individuals over 55 years old. However, other modifiable risk factors can be addressed to reduce overall risk.

Choice C Reason:

History of sickle cell disease is incorrect. Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin in red blood cells. While sickle cell disease increases the risk of certain complications, such as stroke in children, it is not a modifiable risk factor in the traditional sense.

Choice D Reason:

Parent who has cardiovascular disease is incorrect. While having a parent with cardiovascular disease may indicate a genetic predisposition to certain risk factors, it is not a direct modifiable risk factor for stroke. However, individuals with a family history of cardiovascular disease may have increased awareness and motivation to address modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, smoking, and diabetes.

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A nurse is caring for a client with manifestations of status asthmaticus. Which of the following factors play a role in creating circulatory surge of inflammatory cells and cytokines in this condition? (Select all that apply.) (Select All that Apply.)

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A nurse is caring for a client with manifestations of status asthmaticus. Which of the following factors play a role in creating circulatory surge of inflammatory cells and cytokines in this condition? (Select all that apply.)
(Select All that Apply.)