A nurse is obtaining informed consent from a client who is preoperative. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? (Select all that apply.)

A. Fever can cause tachycardia (increased heart rate) rather than bradycardia. It is not typically associated with slowing of the heart rate unless there are other complicating factors such as severe infection or medication side effects.
B. Significant blood loss can lead to hypovolemia (low blood volume), which can result in bradycardia as a compensatory mechanism to maintain blood pressure. However, the blood pressure in this scenario is

normal (120/80), which makes severe hemorrhage less likely unless compensated by fluid resuscitation or other factors.
C. COPD can cause chronic hypoxia and respiratory acidosis, which can lead to chronic respiratory compensation and potentially bradycardia. However, COPD alone is less likely to cause bradycardia in the absence of severe exacerbation or other complicating factors.
D. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are medications commonly prescribed for conditions such as hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias. They work by blocking calcium channels in cardiac and smooth muscle cells, resulting in decreased heart rate and vasodilation. Bradycardia is a known side effect of CCBs, especially when taken in excess or in combination with other medications that affect heart rate.

A. Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by a high pH (>7.45) and an elevated bicarbonate (HCO3-). The ABG results show a pH of 7.32 (which is acidic), PaCO2 of 48 mm Hg (slightly elevated), and HCO3- of 23 mEq/L (within normal range). These findings do not indicate metabolic alkalosis.
B. Respiratory acidosis is characterized by a low pH (<7.35) and an elevated PaCO2 (>45 mm Hg). The ABG results show a pH of 7.32 (acidic) and a PaCO2 of 48 mm Hg (slightly elevated). These findings are consistent with respiratory acidosis, where the elevated PaCO2 indicates inadequate ventilation leading to retention of carbon dioxide and subsequent acidosis.

C. Metabolic acidosis is characterized by a low pH (<7.35) and a decreased bicarbonate (HCO3-). The ABG results show a pH of 7.32 (acidic) and HCO3- of 23 mEq/L (normal). These findings are not indicative of metabolic acidosis.
D. Respiratory alkalosis is characterized by a high pH (>7.45) and a decreased PaCO2 (<35 mm Hg). The ABG results show a pH of 7.32 (acidic) and a PaCO2 of 48 mm Hg (elevated). These findings do not indicate respiratory alkalosis.