A nurse is performing discharge teaching with a client who has a wound that requires home health care. Which of the following team members should the nurse contact for consultation?

A. Witnessing a client consent for a surgical procedure. The nurse can act as a witness to the client’s signature on the informed consent form. This ensures that the client voluntarily agrees to the procedure without coercion. However, the nurse does not obtain informed consent, as that responsibility belongs to the provider performing the procedure.

B. Confirming that a client appears competent to consent to a surgical procedure. The nurse plays a role in assessing whether the client appears competent to provide consent. If the client is confused, disoriented, or under the influence of sedating medications, the nurse should notify the provider and ensure that legal and ethical protocols are followed.

C. Witnessing a client consent for a surgical procedure. The nurse’s role in informed consent includes witnessing the client’s signature, verifying the client's understanding, and ensuring that the client is making an informed, voluntary decision. This is within the scope of professional nursing practice.

D. Explaining the steps of a surgical procedure to a client. It is the responsibility of the provider performing the procedure to explain its risks, benefits, alternatives, and expected outcomes. When a nurse provides detailed explanations of a surgical procedure, it may be considered outside their scope of practice, leading to misinformation or legal liability.

A. Release of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein. C-reactive protein (CRP) is produced by the liver in response to inflammation, but its release occurs later in the inflammatory process, not as the initial step.

B. Recognition of harmful stimuli by pattern receptors on cell surfaces. The inflammatory response begins when pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, detect harmful stimuli like pathogens or tissue damage. This triggers a cascade of immune responses.

C. Inflammatory cells are activated. Once harmful stimuli are recognized, immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages become activated to eliminate the threat. However, cell activation occurs after the initial recognition step.

D. Inflammatory pathways are triggered. Inflammatory signaling pathways, such as the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, are activated after harmful stimuli are detected. These pathways regulate the production of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators.