A nurse is planning teaching for a male client who has hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The nurse should plan to instruct the client that these two factors increase the client's risk for which of the following conditions?

Stroke

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Meniere’s disease

Hemophilia

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A) Stroke:
Hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus both contribute significantly to the development of atherosclerosis, which can lead to stroke. High levels of lipids in the blood can cause plaque buildup in the arteries, and diabetes can damage blood vessels and increase the likelihood of clots forming.

B) Benign prostatic hyperplasia:
While benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common condition in older men, it is not directly related to hyperlipidemia or diabetes. It is more related to age and hormonal changes rather than metabolic or vascular conditions.

C) Meniere’s disease:
Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that leads to vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss. It is not associated with hyperlipidemia or diabetes. The primary risk factors are genetic predisposition and abnormalities in the ear's fluid dynamics.

D) Hemophilia:
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that affects the blood's ability to clot. It is inherited and not influenced by lifestyle-related conditions such as hyperlipidemia or diabetes. The risk factors for hemophilia are primarily genetic, with no direct link to metabolic conditions.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A) High-pitched bowel sounds: High-pitched bowel sounds, also known as "tinkling" sounds, are characteristic of mechanical bowel obstructions. These sounds are created by the intestines as they try to move contents past the obstruction, resulting in increased peristaltic activity. In the case of intussusception, where one segment of the intestine telescopes into another, the obstruction can cause these distinctive high-pitched sounds due to the narrowing of the bowel lumen.

B) Abdominal bruit: An abdominal bruit is a swishing sound heard over the abdomen, usually indicating turbulent blood flow through narrowed arteries. It is commonly associated with vascular conditions such as atherosclerosis or renal artery stenosis. It is not related to bowel obstruction, as bowel sounds in obstruction cases are generally due to changes in peristaltic activity rather than blood flow.

C) Bruising on the flank area: Bruising on the flank area, known as Grey Turner's sign, is typically seen in conditions involving retroperitoneal hemorrhage, such as severe pancreatitis or trauma. It is not a symptom of bowel obstruction. Bowel obstruction symptoms generally relate to the gastrointestinal tract and include abdominal pain, distension, and altered bowel sounds.

D) Coffee-ground emesis: Coffee-ground emesis is vomit that appears like coffee grounds, indicating the presence of partially digested blood. This is a sign of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, often due to peptic ulcers or gastritis. In mechanical bowel obstruction, vomiting is more likely to contain bile (bilious vomiting) and may occur if the obstruction is high in the small intestine. The appearance of coffee-ground emesis is not typical for bowel obstructions and indicates a different type of gastrointestinal issue.

A. Keep client in semi-Fowler's position with right extremity flat. B. Manage pain with oral opioids every 6 hr. C. Check capillary refill hourly for the first 24 hr. D. Apply a compression dressing over the fracture site.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A) Keep client in semi-Fowler's position with right extremity flat: Keeping the client in a semi-Fowler's position with the extremity flat is not appropriate for managing a compound fracture. Elevating the affected limb, if possible, helps reduce swelling and pain, but the position should also consider overall stability and comfort.

B) Manage pain with oral opioids every 6 hr: Oral opioids are not the best choice for immediate pain management in an emergency setting, especially with a compound fracture. Intravenous pain medications are typically more effective for acute, severe pain in such situations and can provide quicker relief.

C) Check capillary refill hourly for the first 24 hr: Checking capillary refill is important to assess blood flow and perfusion, but hourly checks for 24 hours may not be necessary and can be overly frequent unless specific concerns arise. Monitoring should be based on clinical judgment and the client's condition.

D) Apply a compression dressing over the fracture site: Applying a compression dressing over the fracture site can help control bleeding and stabilize the area. Compound fractures involve an open wound, so controlling bleeding while minimizing the risk of infection is crucial. This intervention is essential in managing the initial trauma before more definitive surgical treatment.

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A nurse is planning teaching for a male client who has hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The nurse should plan to instruct the client that these two factors increase the client's risk for which of the following conditions?

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