A nurse is taking a class about patient safety. The nurse should recognize that which of the following statements is true regarding patient safety and prevention of harm?

Poorly coordinated care and nosocomial infections are examples of errors

As many as 90% of medication errors are preventable

Errors of execution are usually intentional and occur because of time or resource constraints

Medication errors are adverse events

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A. Poorly coordinated care and nosocomial infections are examples of errors: While poorly coordinated care can lead to adverse events, nosocomial infections are typically classified as healthcare-associated infections rather than errors. Errors generally refer to mistakes made in clinical practice that can lead to harm, whereas nosocomial infections are outcomes that arise from the healthcare environment.
B. As many as 90% of medication errors are preventable: This statement is true and highlights the significant opportunity for improvement in patient safety. Recognizing that a large percentage of medication errors can be prevented underscores the importance of implementing safety protocols, effective communication, and education to reduce the likelihood of errors occurring in clinical practice.
C. Errors of execution are usually intentional and occur because of time or resource constraints: This statement is misleading, as errors of execution typically refer to mistakes made during the performance of a task rather than intentional actions. These errors often occur due to lack of knowledge, skill, or attention rather than being intentional, and they are not solely attributed to time or resource constraints.
D. Medication errors are adverse events: While medication errors can lead to adverse events, not all medication errors result in harm. An adverse event is defined as an injury caused by medical management rather than the underlying condition of the patient, so this statement is not entirely accurate. Medication errors can be classified as near misses or adverse events, depending on whether they resulted in harm to the patient.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Increased arterial oxygen: Clients with COPD typically experience chronic hypoxemia due to alveolar destruction, airway inflammation, and mucus production, which impair gas exchange. Rather than increased oxygen levels, they often have a decreased PaO₂, requiring supplemental oxygen therapy. However, excessive oxygen administration can suppress their respiratory drive, worsening CO₂ retention.
B. Increased pH: COPD is associated with respiratory acidosis due to chronic CO₂ retention from inadequate alveolar ventilation. While the kidneys compensate by increasing bicarbonate retention, the pH usually remains low or near normal in chronic cases rather than becoming elevated. A higher pH would indicate alkalosis, which is not typical in COPD unless there is an additional metabolic disturbance.
C. Increased carbon dioxide: COPD causes airway obstruction and reduced alveolar ventilation, leading to CO₂ retention (hypercapnia). As CO₂ accumulates in the blood, it lowers the pH, resulting in respiratory acidosis. Chronic hypercapnia is a hallmark of advanced COPD, and in response, the kidneys retain bicarbonate to partially compensate, stabilizing the pH over time but leaving PaCO₂ elevated.
D. Decreased alveolar function: While COPD does lead to progressive alveolar damage and reduced gas exchange, this is a structural and functional change rather than a specific abnormality seen in arterial blood gases. The primary ABG finding in COPD is hypercapnia, which reflects inadequate ventilation and CO₂ retention rather than just decreased alveolar function alone.

A. Respond to ventilator alarms. B. Report the absence of spontaneous respirations. C. Provide passive range-of-motion exercises. D. Encourage the client to attempt to breathe on their own.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Respond to ventilator alarms: While it is crucial to respond to ventilator alarms promptly to ensure the client’s safety and adequate ventilation, this action is not the highest priority in relation to the use of neuromuscular blockers. The use of neuromuscular blockade requires a broader focus on the patient's overall care and safety.
B. Report the absence of spontaneous respirations: Reporting the absence of spontaneous respirations is important, as neuromuscular blockers can cause paralysis of the respiratory muscles. However, the focus should be on maintaining the client's safety and comfort while they are on mechanical ventilation, rather than just reporting findings.
C. Provide passive range-of-motion exercises: This is the priority action when caring for a client receiving neuromuscular blockers. Since the client cannot move voluntarily due to the effects of the neuromuscular blockade, passive range-of-motion exercises are essential to prevent complications such as contractures and muscle atrophy. This intervention helps maintain joint mobility and circulation, which is critical in patients who are mechanically ventilated for an extended period.
D. Encourage the client to attempt to breathe on their own: Encouraging the client to breathe on their own is not appropriate when they are receiving neuromuscular blockade, as their respiratory muscles are paralyzed. Instead, the focus should be on ensuring that the mechanical ventilation settings are adequate to provide proper oxygenation and ventilation while the client cannot initiate breaths independently. This action could lead to respiratory distress if attempted while under neuromuscular blockade.

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A nurse is taking a class about patient safety. The nurse should recognize that which of the following statements is true regarding patient safety and prevention of harm?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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