A nurse is teaching a class on health promotion and illness prevention. The nurse should include that which of the following is an example of secondary prevention?

A. Pneumococcal vaccine → Not having it increases risk, but the option itself (“Pneumococcal vaccine”) is misleading; risk comes from lack of vaccine, not its presence.

B. Level of consciousness → Client is lethargic and has difficulty answering questions, which can increase risk of aspiration and reduce effective airway clearance.

C. Influenza vaccine → Similarly, not getting the vaccine is a risk, but the option is phrased as “Influenza vaccine,” which is protective, not a risk factor.

D. Health history → Lack of pneumococcal and influenza vaccinations increases susceptibility to respiratory infections.

E. Fluid intake → Client reports reduced fluid intake, leading to thickened secretions, impaired mucociliary clearance, and higher risk of pneumonia.

F. Age → Middle-aged and older adults are at higher risk for pneumonia due to decreased physiologic reserve.

G. Smoking history → Smoking history is incorrect. While a history of smoking, or exposure to second-hand smoke, increases a client’s risk of contracting community-acquired pneumonia, the client reports no smoking history.

A. A serum creatinine level of 0.8 mg/dL is within the normal range and does not contraindicate the administration of cefoxitin.
B. A severe allergy to amoxicillin indicates a potential cross-allergy with cephalosporins like cefoxitin, making it a contraindication for administration.
C. A recent history of diarrhea is not typically a contraindication for administering cefoxitin, unless it is severe or related to a specific infectious cause.
D. A history of phlebitis from a previous IV infusion is not a contraindication for cefoxitin unless it suggests an intolerance to certain infusion components.