A nurse is teaching a client about the sleep-wake cycle. The nurse should include that which of the following factors can interfere with the sleep-wake cycle? (Select All that Apply)

A bright light

Drinking caffeinated beverages in the evening

A 20 min nap during the day

Emotional stress

A regular bedtime schedule

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B,C,D

A) Bright light: Exposure to bright light, especially in the evening or at night, can interfere with the body's production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. Bright light exposure can disrupt circadian rhythms, making it more challenging to fall asleep and stay asleep.

B) Drinking caffeinated beverages in the evening: Caffeine is a stimulant that can interfere with sleep by blocking the effects of adenosine, a neurotransmitter that promotes sleepiness. Consuming caffeinated beverages in the evening can delay the onset of sleep and reduce overall sleep duration.

C) A 20-minute nap during the day: While short naps can be beneficial for some individuals, especially if they are sleep-deprived, napping for too long or too late in the day can disrupt the body's natural sleep-wake cycle. Short naps can be refreshing, but longer or late-day naps can make it harder to fall asleep at night.

D) Emotional stress: Stress and anxiety can trigger the body's "fight or flight" response, leading to increased alertness and difficulty relaxing or falling asleep. Chronic stress can disrupt the sleep-wake cycle, leading to difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep and resulting in poor sleep quality.

E) A regular bedtime schedule: Having a consistent bedtime schedule can actually help regulate the sleep-wake cycle by reinforcing the body's internal clock. Going to bed and waking up at the same time each day, even on weekends, can help improve sleep quality and make it easier to fall asleep and wake up naturally.

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Correct Answer is ["A","E"]

Explanation

A. Localized edema:
Localized edema, especially when accompanied by erythema (redness), warmth, and tenderness, can be indicative of an infection in a client with diabetes mellitus. Infections in diabetic patients, particularly those affecting the feet, can lead to localized inflammation and swelling.

B. An increase in RBCs:
An increase in red blood cells (RBCs), known as erythrocytosis, is not typically associated with an infection. Erythrocytosis may occur in conditions such as polycythemia vera or chronic hypoxemia but is not a typical marker of infection.

C. Bradycardia:
Bradycardia, a heart rate slower than the normal range, is not typically associated with infections. Infections often cause tachycardia (an increased heart rate) as part of the body's systemic inflammatory response.

D. An increase in platelets:
An increase in platelets, known as thrombocytosis, is not typically associated with infections. Thrombocytosis can occur in response to various factors, including inflammation, but it is not a specific marker of infection in diabetic clients with foot pain.

E. An increase in neutrophils:
An increase in neutrophils, known as neutrophilia, is a common response to infection. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell involved in the body's immune response to bacterial infections. In diabetic clients with foot pain, an elevated neutrophil count may suggest the presence of an infection, as the body mobilizes these cells to combat the invading pathogens.

A. Disenfranchised grief B. Anticipatory grief C. Prolonged grief D. Uncomplicated grief

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Disenfranchised grief:
Disenfranchised grief occurs when the loss experienced by an individual is not openly acknowledged or socially supported. This type of grief may occur when the relationship with the deceased is not recognized or valued by others, such as in the case of a non-traditional relationship. In this scenario, the client's grief is acknowledged but persists beyond what is considered a typical mourning period, suggesting a different type of grief.

B. Anticipatory grief:
Anticipatory grief occurs when individuals experience feelings of loss before the actual loss or death occurs. This often happens in situations where death is expected due to a terminal illness. Since the client's partner has already died, anticipatory grief does not apply in this case.

C. Prolonged grief:
This is the correct answer. Prolonged grief, also known as complicated grief, occurs when the grieving process persists over an extended period, beyond what is considered typical or socially acceptable. Individuals experiencing prolonged grief may have difficulty accepting the reality of the loss and may continue to experience intense emotions related to the loss for an extended period, often interfering with their daily functioning.

D. Uncomplicated grief:
Uncomplicated grief refers to a normal and typical response to loss that typically resolves over time. While grief is a natural response to loss, uncomplicated grief does not persist for an extended period or significantly impair the individual's ability to function in their daily life. In this scenario, the client's continued inability to accept the loss suggests that the grief may be more complex than uncomplicated grief.

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A nurse is teaching a client about the sleep-wake cycle. The nurse should include that which of the following factors can interfere with the sleep-wake cycle? (Select All that Apply)

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is assessing a client who has diabetes mellitus and reports foot pain. The nurse should evaluate the client for which of the following alterations as Indications that the client has an infection? (Select all that apply)

Correct Answer is ["A","E"]

Explanation

A nurse is caring for a client whose partner died 3 years ago and reports that they are still unable to accept the loss. The nurse should identify that the client has manifestations of which of the following types of grief?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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