A nurse is teaching a patient about the common adverse reactions that can occur with his prescribed therapy with cephalosporins.
The nurse determines that the teaching was successful when the patient identifies which of the following?

Choice A rationale:

Bacteriostatic. Sulfonamides are a class of antibiotics that work primarily as bacteriostatic agents. They inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria by blocking the synthesis of folic acid, which is essential for bacterial DNA and RNA synthesis. By slowing down bacterial growth, sulfonamides give the body's immune system a chance to eliminate the bacteria. Bacteriostatic antibiotics do not directly kill bacteria but rather impede their ability to multiply. This action is a key characteristic of sulfonamides.

Choice B rationale:

Bactericidal. Sulfonamides are not primarily bactericidal. Bactericidal antibiotics directly kill bacteria by disrupting their cell walls, protein synthesis, or other essential processes. Sulfonamides do not have this direct killing effect. They work by inhibiting folic acid synthesis and, as a result, slowing down bacterial growth. While this can eventually lead to bacterial death, the primary action of sulfonamides is bacteriostatic.

Choice C rationale:

Promotor of folic acid activity. This choice is not accurate. Sulfonamides do not promote folic acid activity; rather, they inhibit it. Sulfonamides are structural analogs of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a precursor necessary for folic acid synthesis in bacteria. By competing with PABA, sulfonamides disrupt folic acid production in bacteria, ultimately leading to growth inhibition. Therefore, they are not promoters of folic acid activity.

Choice D rationale:

Bacterial cell metabolizer. Sulfonamides do not metabolize bacterial cells. Instead, they interfere with bacterial metabolism by blocking the synthesis of folic acid. This disruption affects the DNA and RNA synthesis of bacteria, which rely on folic acid derivatives. The primary action of sulfonamides is to inhibit this metabolic pathway, not to metabolize bacterial cells.

Choice A rationale:

Sedation is not a common adverse reaction to antiretroviral therapy. Antiretroviral medications are primarily used to treat HIV and do not typically cause sedation.

Choice B rationale:

Bruising is a potential adverse reaction to antiretroviral therapy. Some antiretroviral medications can cause blood-related side effects, such as decreased platelet count, which can result in easy bruising and bleeding. It's important for the nurse to include this in the teaching plan to ensure the client is aware of this potential side effect.

Choice C rationale:

Altered taste is not a common adverse reaction to antiretroviral therapy. While some medications can cause taste disturbances, this is not a typical side effect of antiretroviral drugs.

Choice D rationale:

Constipation is not a common adverse reaction to antiretroviral therapy. Antiretroviral medications primarily target the HIV virus and do not typically cause gastrointestinal issues like constipation.