A nurse is working to reduce individual and family violence in the local community. Which of the following actions by the nurse demonstrates a primary prevention strategy to achieve this goal?

The correct answer is Choice D because, "Test a client who has a family history for diabetes mellitus." Secondary prevention refers to early detection and intervention to prevent the progression of disease. Testing individuals who have a family history of diabetes mellitus is an example of secondary prevention as it allows for early detection and intervention to prevent or delay the onset of diabetes.

Choice A is wrong because, "Educate a client who has hypertension about exercises to reduce blood pressure," is not the correct answer as it is an example of primary prevention, which focuses on preventing the development of disease or injury in individuals who are at risk. Hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and educating individuals about lifestyle modifications, such as exercise, can prevent the development of hypertension and other comorbidities.

Choice B is wrong because, "Teach a group of school-age children about hand hygiene," is not the correct answer as it is an example of primary prevention, which aims to prevent the occurrence of disease or injury in populations that are at risk. Hand hygiene is an essential component of infection control, and teaching school-age children about it can prevent the spread of infectious diseases in schools.

Choice C is wrong because, "Provide nutrition counseling for an adolescent who is underweight," is not the correct answer as it is an example of tertiary prevention, which focuses on preventing complications and reducing the impact of established disease or injury. Nutrition counseling for an adolescent who is underweight aims to prevent complications related to malnutrition, such as growth delays, cognitive impairment, and increased susceptibility to infections.

The correct answer is Choice B because, "Clients receive Medicare benefits when eligible." Distributive justice is the ethical principle that resources should be allocated fairly among members of society. The outcome of clients receiving Medicare benefits when eligible is an example of distributive justice because it ensures that eligible clients have access to healthcare resources that are distributed fairly based on their need for them.

Choice A is wrong because, "Clients demonstrate completion of advance directives," is not the correct answer because it is an example of autonomy, which is the ethical principle that individuals have the right to make decisions about their own healthcare. Choice C is wrong because, "Clients verbalize their right to refuse treatment," is an example of informed consent, which is the ethical principle that individuals have the right to make decisions about their own healthcare based on accurate information. Choice D is wrong because, "Clients understand their right to confidentiality," is an example of confidentiality, which is the ethical principle that healthcare information should be kept private and secure.