A nurse who works effectively with clients who are dying recognizes that

A. Isotonic solutions have a similar osmolarity to that of blood plasma, meaning they exert the same osmotic pressure as blood. This equilibrium prevents the movement of water across cell membranes, thereby maintaining cell volume and preventing cellular dehydration or swelling. Examples of isotonic solutions commonly used for intravenous fluid replacement include 0.9% saline (normal saline) and lactated Ringer's solution.
B. Hypotonic solutions have a lower osmolarity than blood plasma, meaning they exert less osmotic pressure than blood. When administered, hypotonic solutions cause water to move into cells, leading to cellular swelling. While hypotonic solutions can help hydrate cells and replenish intracellular fluid, they are not typically used for rapid volume replacement because they can exacerbate extracellular fluid deficits and cause complications such as cerebral edema or cardiovascular collapse.
C. Hypertonic solutions have a higher osmolarity than blood plasma, meaning they exert greater osmotic pressure than blood. When administered, hypertonic solutions cause water to move out of cells, leading to cellular shrinkage. Hypertonic solutions are often used to expand intravascular volume in cases of severe hypovolemia or shock, as they rapidly increase blood osmolarity and draw fluid from the interstitial space into the bloodstream. Examples of hypertonic solutions include 3% saline and 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline.
D. Hyperosmotic solutions have an elevated osmolarity compared to blood plasma, indicating a higher concentration of solutes. These solutions exert osmotic pressure that draws water out of cells, leading to cellular dehydration. While hyperosmotic solutions are not commonly used for rapid volume replacement due to their pot

A. Documenting the type of solution provided for tube feeding is essential for accurate record-keeping and continuity of care. This includes specifying the name and composition of the enteral formula used, such as standard polymeric, high-protein, elemental, or specialized formulas for specific medical conditions or nutritional needs.
C. Documenting the client's tolerance of the tube feeding is crucial for monitoring their response to the enteral nutrition. This includes assessing for signs of intolerance, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, or aspiration. Documenting tolerance helps guide adjustments to the feeding regimen and ensures patient safety and comfort.
D. Documenting the amount of solution administered during the tube feeding is essential for accurately monitoring the client's intake and ensuring that nutritional goals are met. This includes recording the volume of formula administered, as well as any additional flushes or medications given through the feeding tube.
E. Documenting the duration of the tube feeding session provides important information about the timing and frequency of feedings. This includes recording the start and end times of the feeding, as well as any interruptions or adjustments made during the procedure. Documenting the duration helps ensure consistency in the feeding regimen and facilitates effective communication among healthcare providers.
B. Documenting the name of the physician who prescribed the tube is not necessary.