A nurse is explaining the activation of beta2 receptors to nursing students during a clinical rotation at the hospital. Which statement by a student demonstrates a need for further teaching?
“Beta2 activation results in bronchodilation.”
“Beta2 activation results in glycogenolysis.”
“Beta2 activation results in vasodilation of skeletal muscles.”
“Beta2 activation results in contraction of uterine muscle.”
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A Reason:
Beta2 activation results in bronchodilation. This is a well-known effect where the activation of beta2 adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of the airways leads to relaxation and widening of the airways, making it easier to breathe. This effect is commonly utilized in the treatment of asthma and other respiratory conditions.
Choice B Reason:
Beta2 activation also results in glycogenolysis. This process involves the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, which increases blood sugar levels. This effect is part of the body’s response to stress, providing additional energy for the “fight or flight” response.
Choice C Reason:
Beta2 activation results in vasodilation of skeletal muscles. This means that the blood vessels supplying the skeletal muscles widen, increasing blood flow to these muscles. This effect helps to deliver more oxygen and nutrients to the muscles during periods of increased activity.
Choice D Reason:
This is the correct answer. Beta2 activation does not result in the contraction of uterine muscle; rather, it causes relaxation of the uterine smooth muscle. This effect is beneficial in preventing premature labor by reducing uterine contractions. Therefore, the statement that beta2 activation results in contraction of uterine muscle is incorrect and indicates a need for further teaching.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","E"]
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Chronic stress can significantly impact mental health, leading to conditions such as depression. The persistent activation of the stress response system, particularly the release of cortisol, can alter brain function and structure, contributing to mood disorders. Studies have shown that prolonged exposure to stress hormones can lead to changes in the brain that are associated with depression.
Choice B Reason:
Impaired cognitive function is another consequence of chronic stress. Elevated levels of cortisol over an extended period can damage the hippocampus, a region of the brain involved in memory and learning. This can result in difficulties with concentration, memory, and decision-making. Chronic stress has been linked to cognitive decline and an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases.
Choice C Reason:
Chronic stress can also affect the immune system, leading to autoimmune diseases. The continuous activation of the stress response can cause immune dysregulation, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues. This can result in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and other autoimmune disorders.
Choice D Reason:
Overactive immune function is not typically associated with chronic stress. Instead, chronic stress often leads to a weakened immune response, making the body more susceptible to infections and illnesses. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.
Choice E Reason:
Cardiovascular disease is a well-documented consequence of chronic stress. The persistent release of stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol can lead to increased blood pressure, heart rate, and the formation of artery-clogging deposits. These changes can increase the risk of heart disease, heart attacks, and strokes.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A: Excretion
Excretion is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine), but also via bile, sweat, saliva, and other routes. While excretion is a crucial phase of pharmacokinetics, it is not directly impacted by the first pass effect. The first pass effect primarily involves the metabolism of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation, which occurs prior to the excretion phase.
Choice B: Metabolism
The first pass effect, also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism, significantly impacts the metabolism phase of pharmacokinetics. This phenomenon occurs when a drug is metabolized at a specific location in the body, such as the liver or gut wall, before it reaches systemic circulation. As a result, the concentration of the active drug is reduced, affecting its bioavailability. The liver is the primary site for this metabolic process, where enzymes break down the drug, potentially leading to a significant reduction in its therapeutic effect.
Choice C: Distribution
Distribution refers to the process by which a drug is transported from the bloodstream to various tissues and organs in the body. This phase is influenced by factors such as blood flow, tissue permeability, and binding to plasma proteins. However, the first pass effect does not directly alter the distribution phase. Instead, it affects the amount of drug that enters systemic circulation, which in turn can influence the extent of distribution.
Choice D: Absorption
Absorption is the process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from its site of administration. This phase is crucial for determining the onset of a drug’s action. While the first pass effect occurs after absorption, it does not directly change the absorption phase itself. Instead, it affects the drug’s concentration after it has been absorbed and before it reaches systemic circulation.
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