According to the Ecological Model, which of the following factors affect healthy behavior at multiple levels of society? (Select all that apply.)
Assurance of services
Health beliefs
Medical funding
Laws and local ordinances that relate to health
Interaction with others
Correct Answer : B,D,E
Choice A Reason:
Assurance of services refers to the guarantee that health services are available and accessible to the population. While this is crucial for public health, it primarily affects the structural level of society rather than multiple levels. The Ecological Model emphasizes the interaction between individual, interpersonal, community, and societal factors. Assurance of services is more of a systemic factor and does not directly influence individual behavior across multiple levels.
Choice B Reason:
Health beliefs are a significant factor in the Ecological Model as they influence individual behaviors and decisions regarding health. These beliefs are shaped by personal experiences, cultural norms, and societal influences. Health beliefs operate at multiple levels, including the individual level (personal beliefs), interpersonal level (influence of family and friends), and community level (cultural and societal norms). They play a critical role in determining how individuals perceive health risks and engage in health-promoting behaviors.
Choice C Reason:
Medical funding is essential for the provision of healthcare services and the functioning of health systems. However, it primarily affects the structural and policy levels rather than multiple levels of society. While adequate funding is necessary for ensuring access to healthcare, it does not directly influence individual health behaviors across different levels of the Ecological Model.
Choice D Reason:
Laws and local ordinances that relate to health are crucial in shaping the environment in which individuals live. These regulations can influence health behaviors by creating supportive environments, such as smoke-free zones, safe drinking water standards, and regulations on food safety. These laws operate at the community and societal levels, impacting individual and collective behaviors by establishing norms and standards that promote health.
Choice E Reason:
Interaction with others is a key component of the Ecological Model, affecting health behavior at multiple levels. Social interactions influence individual behaviors through peer pressure, social support, and the sharing of information. At the interpersonal level, family and friends can encourage or discourage healthy behaviors. At the community level, social networks and community organizations play a role in shaping health norms and behaviors. These interactions are integral to understanding how health behaviors are adopted and maintained.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Working with the floor manager to decide on some light duty work for a nurse aide who is recovering from a broken ankle
This intervention is an example of tertiary prevention. Tertiary prevention aims to manage and rehabilitate individuals with existing health conditions to prevent further complications and improve their quality of life. By arranging light duty work, the nurse helps the aide continue working while accommodating their recovery, thus preventing further injury and promoting rehabilitation.
Choice B reason: Conducting an in-service on using the new patient lift device to prevent back injuries in the nursing staff
This intervention is an example of primary prevention. Primary prevention aims to prevent diseases or injuries before they occur by reducing exposure to hazards. Conducting training on using patient lift devices helps prevent back injuries among the nursing staff by promoting safe handling techniques.
Choice C reason: Screening the staff for Tuberculosis (TB) exposure
This intervention is an example of secondary prevention. Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat diseases early to halt their progression. Screening for TB exposure helps identify infected individuals early, allowing for timely treatment and preventing the spread of the disease.
Choice D reason: Administering the annual flu vaccine to the employees
This intervention is also an example of primary prevention. Administering flu vaccines helps prevent the onset of influenza by boosting the immune system's ability to fight the virus. Vaccination is a proactive measure to reduce the incidence of flu among employees.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Increased exposure increases the risk of developing the disease. This statement describes a dose-response relationship, which is another important criterion for establishing causation. It indicates that as the level of exposure to a potential cause increases, the risk of developing the disease also increases. However, this does not specifically address the temporal sequence required to establish causation.
Choice B Reason:
The exposure must come before the disease develops. This is the correct definition of a temporal relationship in epidemiological studies. For causation to be established, it is essential that the exposure to the potential cause occurs before the onset of the disease. This temporal sequence is crucial because it helps to rule out reverse causation, where the disease might influence the exposure rather than the other way around.
Choice C Reason:
When the exposure is decreased or eliminated, the risk of disease declines or is eliminated. This statement describes the concept of reversibility, which is another criterion for causation. It suggests that reducing or removing the exposure should lead to a decrease in the incidence of the disease. While important, it does not specifically define the temporal relationship.
Choice D Reason:
A relationship is biologically plausible, and it makes sense. This statement refers to biological plausibility, which means that the observed association between exposure and disease is consistent with existing biological or medical knowledge. While biological plausibility supports causation, it does not define the temporal sequence necessary to establish a causal relationship.
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