A public health nurse is educating a newly licensed nurse about sensitivity and specificity using a two-by-two table. Which of the following statements by the newly licensed nurse indicates an understanding of the table related to true positives?
"True positives are represented in the table cell that indicates the person does not have the disease and the test indicates disease."
"True positives are represented in the table cell that indicates the person has the disease and the test indicates the person has the disease."
"True positives are represented in the table cell that indicates the person has the disease and the test does not indicate disease."
"True positives are represented in the table cell that indicates the person does not have the disease and the test does not indicate disease."
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A: "True Positives are Represented in the Table Cell that Indicates the Person Does Not Have the Disease and the Test Indicates Disease."
This statement is incorrect. In a two-by-two table used to evaluate diagnostic tests, the cell representing true positives is where both the test result and the actual disease status are positive. This cell indicates that the test correctly identified individuals who have the disease. The statement here describes a false positive, where the test indicates disease, but the person does not actually have it.
Choice B: "True Positives are Represented in the Table Cell that Indicates the Person Has the Disease and the Test Indicates the Person Has the Disease."
This statement is correct. True positives are indeed represented in the cell where both the test result and the actual disease status are positive. This means the test has correctly identified individuals who have the disease. This cell is crucial for calculating the sensitivity of the test, which measures the proportion of actual positives correctly identified by the test.
Choice C: "True Positives are Represented in the Table Cell that Indicates the Person Has the Disease and the Test Does Not Indicate Disease."
This statement describes a false negative, where the person has the disease, but the test fails to detect it. This cell is used to calculate the test's sensitivity, but it does not represent true positives. False negatives are critical to understand because they indicate cases where the test missed the disease.
Choice D: "True Positives are Represented in the Table Cell that Indicates the Person Does Not Have the Disease and the Test Does Not Indicate Disease."
This statement describes true negatives, where the test correctly identifies individuals who do not have the disease. While true negatives are important for calculating the specificity of the test, they do not represent true positives. Specificity measures the proportion of actual negatives correctly identified by the test.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Studies show a minimal increase in confidence levels among mentored youth
While mentorship can have various benefits, the statement that it shows only a minimal increase in confidence levels is not entirely accurate. Research indicates that mentorship programs can significantly boost self-esteem and self-confidence among youth. However, this choice does not directly address the primary rationale for referring a disruptive student to a mentorship program.
Choice B reason: Students who are mentored are more likely to attain educational success
This statement is supported by extensive research. Mentorship programs have been shown to improve academic performance, increase high school graduation rates, and enhance overall educational aspirations. Mentored students often receive guidance, support, and motivation that help them succeed academically. This rationale aligns well with the goal of addressing disruptive behavior in school by providing positive role models and support systems.
Choice C reason: Mentored teens tend to recover better from bullying experiences
Mentorship can indeed help teens recover from bullying by providing emotional support and guidance. Mentors can offer a safe space for mentees to discuss their experiences and develop coping strategies. However, while this is a valid benefit of mentorship, it is not the primary rationale for referring a disruptive student to a mentorship program.
Choice D reason: Mentorship will help the child avoid social activities during the teen years
This statement is incorrect. Mentorship programs aim to encourage positive social interactions and engagement in constructive activities. They do not seek to isolate children from social activities but rather to guide them towards healthier and more productive social engagements. Therefore, this rationale does not support the referral for mentorship.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
It should only be used for substance abuse prevention efforts. This statement is incorrect. While the Strategic Prevention Framework (SPF) is often used in substance abuse prevention, its principles and steps are versatile and can be applied to a wide range of public health issues. Limiting its use to substance abuse prevention does not fully utilize the framework's potential.
Choice B Reason:
It should only be used with youth populations. This statement is also incorrect. The SPF is designed to be flexible and applicable to various populations, not just youth. It can be used to address health concerns across different age groups and demographics, making it a valuable tool for diverse community health initiatives.
Choice C Reason:
It can be adopted for a variety of community issues. This is the correct answer because the SPF is a comprehensive framework that can be tailored to address multiple public health challenges. Its structured approach to assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation makes it suitable for a wide range of issues beyond substance abuse, including mental health, chronic disease prevention, and more.
Choice D Reason:
It was developed by the World Health Organization. This statement is incorrect. The Strategic Prevention Framework was developed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) in the United States. It is not a product of the World Health Organization, although its principles are consistent with global public health practices.
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