All of the following are third generation antipsychotics except,

A. Delusions are a positive symptom of schizophrenia, not a negative symptom. They are false, fixed beliefs that persist despite evidence to the contrary. Common types include persecutory, grandiose, and bizarre delusions. Positive symptoms result from excess dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway.

B. Avolition is a negative symptom characterized by a lack of motivation to initiate and sustain goal-directed activities. It leads to difficulties with personal hygiene, work, and social engagement, significantly impairing daily functioning.

C. Apathy is a negative symptom marked by a lack of interest, enthusiasm, or emotional responsiveness. Individuals with schizophrenia may show indifference to social interactions, personal achievements, or daily activities.

D. Alogia (poverty of speech) is a negative symptom where individuals speak less and provide minimal verbal responses. This reflects impaired thought processing and reduced cognitive engagement, common in schizophrenia's mesocortical dopamine pathway dysfunction.

A. Lacks empathy. Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) show a profound lack of empathy, often disregarding the feelings and needs of others. They may appear emotionally detached and struggle to recognize or validate other people’s experiences, leading to superficial and exploitative relationships.

B. Takes advantage of others. A key characteristic of NPD is a pattern of exploiting others for personal gain, whether in professional, social, or personal relationships. Individuals with NPD often manipulate people to maintain their sense of superiority and entitlement, showing little remorse for their actions.

C. Needs constant admiration. People with NPD have an excessive need for admiration and validation to support their inflated self-image. They may seek praise, attention, and recognition, becoming defensive or hostile when they feel unappreciated or criticized.

D. Mood swings. While mood instability can occur in response to narcissistic injury (perceived criticism or rejection), frequent and extreme mood swings are more characteristic of borderline personality disorder (BPD) or mood disorders like bipolar disorder. NPD primarily involves grandiosity, entitlement, and emotional detachment, rather than rapid emotional shifts.