Which of the following best describes excoriation disorder?

A. Severe temper outbursts. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) is characterized by frequent, severe temper outbursts that are out of proportion to the situation. These outbursts can be verbal or physical and occur at least three times per week, persisting for one year or more.

B. Struggle to regulate emotions. Individuals with DMDD have difficulty managing emotions, particularly anger and frustration. This emotional dysregulation leads to persistent mood instability, which interferes with daily functioning at home, school, and in social settings.

C. Hyperactivity. Hyperactivity is not a core symptom of DMDD but is more commonly associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). While some children with DMDD may also have ADHD, DMDD primarily involves severe mood disturbances rather than impulsivity or excessive movement.

D. Chronic irritability. Persistent irritability is a hallmark of DMDD, with children and adolescents experiencing near-constant irritability between temper outbursts. Unlike episodic mood disorders like bipolar disorder, DMDD symptoms are chronic and ongoing without distinct mood episodes.

A. Lacks empathy. Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) show a profound lack of empathy, often disregarding the feelings and needs of others. They may appear emotionally detached and struggle to recognize or validate other people’s experiences, leading to superficial and exploitative relationships.

B. Takes advantage of others. A key characteristic of NPD is a pattern of exploiting others for personal gain, whether in professional, social, or personal relationships. Individuals with NPD often manipulate people to maintain their sense of superiority and entitlement, showing little remorse for their actions.

C. Needs constant admiration. People with NPD have an excessive need for admiration and validation to support their inflated self-image. They may seek praise, attention, and recognition, becoming defensive or hostile when they feel unappreciated or criticized.

D. Mood swings. While mood instability can occur in response to narcissistic injury (perceived criticism or rejection), frequent and extreme mood swings are more characteristic of borderline personality disorder (BPD) or mood disorders like bipolar disorder. NPD primarily involves grandiosity, entitlement, and emotional detachment, rather than rapid emotional shifts.