All are causes of intellectual disability except
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Down syndrome
Serotonin syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
The Correct Answer is C
A. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a leading preventable cause of intellectual disability. Prenatal alcohol exposure disrupts brain development, leading to cognitive impairment, behavioral problems, and facial abnormalities.
B. Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is a genetic disorder that causes intellectual disability, developmental delays, and characteristic physical features. It results from an extra copy of chromosome 21, affecting brain development and cognitive function.
C. Serotonin syndrome is an acute, life-threatening condition caused by excessive serotonin activity due to medication overdose or drug interactions (e.g., SSRIs, MAOIs, MDMA). Symptoms include hyperreflexia, autonomic instability, and altered mental status, but it does not cause intellectual disability.
D. Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome. It is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, leading to cognitive impairments, social anxiety, and hyperactivity, often resembling autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Mesolimbic pathway is responsible for reward, motivation, and emotion. In schizophrenia, hyperactivity of this pathway leads to positive symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.
B. Nigrostriatal pathway regulates motor control. Dopamine blockade in this pathway leads to extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) such as tremors, rigidity, and tardive dyskinesia, which are side effects of first-generation antipsychotics (typical antipsychotics).
C. Tuberoinfundibular pathway controls prolactin secretion. Dopamine inhibits prolactin release, so blocking D2 receptors with antipsychotics leads to hyperprolactinemia, causing gynecomastia, galactorrhea, and menstrual irregularities.
D. Mesocortical pathway is responsible for cognition, motivation, and emotional regulation. In schizophrenia, hypoactivity of this pathway is linked to negative symptoms such as apathy, anhedonia, social withdrawal, and cognitive impairment. Antipsychotics that block dopamine further worsen these symptoms, making negative symptoms more difficult to treat.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Vindictive. Being vindictive is more characteristic of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) rather than conduct disorder (CD). While both disorders involve defiant and hostile behavior, ODD is marked by persistent anger, argumentativeness, and vindictiveness, whereas CD includes more severe violations of social norms and the rights of others.
B. Deceitful. Deceitfulness is a core symptom of conduct disorder. It includes lying, manipulating others, shoplifting, and breaking promises for personal gain. This behavior is often done without guilt or remorse.
C. Aggressive towards people and animals. Physical aggression is a defining feature of conduct disorder. Individuals may bully, threaten, fight, use weapons, or show cruelty towards animals without regard for others' safety.
D. Destroying property. Conduct disorder includes deliberate destruction of property, such as vandalism, arson, or breaking into buildings, often as a way to exert control or express defiance.
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