All of the following are true about the etiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), except
Previous psychiatric history can increase the risk of developing PTSD
PTSD is associated only with personal characteristics, not event exposure
There has to be causative trauma
Lack of social support can increase the risk of developing PTSD
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: Previous psychiatric history increases PTSD risk, as pre-existing conditions like depression or anxiety indicate heightened amygdala sensitivity and dysregulated stress responses. These predispose individuals to exaggerated fear responses post-trauma, as the brain’s stress circuitry is already compromised, amplifying the impact of traumatic events on neural pathways.
Choice B reason: PTSD is not associated only with personal characteristics; it requires exposure to a traumatic event, as defined by DSM-5 criteria. Trauma triggers neurobiological changes, including amygdala hyperactivity and hippocampal volume reduction, causing symptoms like flashbacks. Personal characteristics modulate risk, but event exposure is essential, making this statement false.
Choice C reason: A causative trauma is required for PTSD, per DSM-5, involving exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. This triggers neurobiological changes, such as elevated cortisol and amygdala activation, leading to intrusive memories and hyperarousal. This criterion is fundamental to the disorder’s pathophysiology and diagnosis.
Choice D reason: Lack of social support increases PTSD risk, as it exacerbates stress responses by reducing oxytocin-mediated emotional regulation and prefrontal cortex modulation. Social isolation heightens amygdala activity, prolonging trauma-related symptoms. Support systems buffer stress responses, making this a scientifically valid factor in the etiology of PTSD.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["B","C","D"]
Explanation
ideation, as some clients express relief anticipating death. While concerning, it is less specific than other indicators, as it may not always reflect serotonin-driven despair or intent, requiring further assessment to confirm risk.
Choice B reason: Feeling overwhelmed by simple tasks indicates severe depression, linked to serotonin and prefrontal cortex dysfunction, impairing executive function. This heightens suicidal risk, as cognitive overload and hopelessness increase impulsivity and despair, making it a critical neurobiological marker requiring immediate intervention to prevent self-harm.
Choice C reason: Calling family to make amends signals high suicidal risk, often reflecting intent to resolve relationships before death, driven by serotonin dysregulation and prefrontal cortex deficits. This behavior indicates advanced planning, a neurobiological marker of serious ideation, necessitating urgent safety measures to prevent completion.
Choice D reason: An abrupt mood improvement can indicate suicidal risk, as it may reflect relief from deciding to end life, linked to serotonin and dopamine shifts. This neurobiological change reduces despair temporarily, increasing energy for action, making it a critical warning sign requiring immediate assessment and intervention.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a subtype of major depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern, requiring at least two major depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern over two years, not necessarily five key features for two weeks. The diagnostic criteria involve symptoms like low mood, anhedonia, and fatigue, but the two-week duration with five symptoms applies to major depression generally, not specifically SAD, which emphasizes seasonal recurrence.
Choice B reason: The statement is false because Seasonal Affective Disorder is defined by recurrent depressive episodes tied to specific seasons, typically winter, rather than a strict requirement of five key features for two weeks. SAD involves symptoms like hypersomnia and carbohydrate craving, but the diagnostic focus is on the seasonal pattern, not the exact symptom count or duration stated.
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