All of the following are true about the etiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), except

Choice A reason: Expecting dementia clients to consistently ask for needed items is incorrect, as short-term memory loss from hippocampal degeneration impairs their ability to articulate needs. Cognitive deterioration disrupts executive function and communication, making this assumption inaccurate and reflecting a misunderstanding of dementia’s neurobiological impact on memory and expression.

Choice B reason: Assuming ambulatory dementia clients can independently perform activities of daily living is incorrect. Dementia’s progressive neuronal loss, particularly in the cortex and hippocampus, impairs planning and execution of tasks like dressing or hygiene, despite physical mobility. This reflects a misunderstanding of cognitive versus motor function in dementia’s pathology.

Choice C reason: Expecting dementia clients to know meal times is incorrect, as temporal disorientation from hippocampal and prefrontal cortex damage impairs memory and time perception. Cognitive deterioration disrupts routine recall, making this assumption inaccurate. It fails to recognize the neurobiological basis of memory deficits central to dementia’s progression.

Choice D reason: Not recognizing family is a common dementia symptom, as long-term memory impairment from cortical and hippocampal neurodegeneration disrupts autobiographical memory. This reflects accurate understanding of dementia’s progressive impact on memory systems, where familiar faces become unrecognizable, aligning with the disease’s neurobiological effects on recognition and recall.

Choice A reason: Redirecting to an activity uses distraction to reduce agitation in Alzheimer’s, where hippocampal and cortical degeneration causes disorientation and memory loss. Engaging in familiar activities leverages preserved procedural memory, calming the client without confronting their delusion, which aligns with neurobiological strategies to manage confusion and distress.

Choice B reason: Stating the mother died confronts the client’s delusion, likely increasing agitation due to impaired reality testing from Alzheimer’s-related cortical damage. This approach disregards the client’s cognitive limitations, as memory deficits prevent processing such corrections, potentially worsening emotional distress and behavioral symptoms.

Choice C reason: Asking why the client seeks her mother probes a delusion rooted in Alzheimer’s-related memory loss and hippocampal dysfunction. This may confuse or frustrate the client, as they cannot articulate reasons due to cognitive impairment. Redirection is more effective than exploring motives in advanced dementia.

Choice D reason: Assuming upset and addressing emotional distress may escalate agitation, as Alzheimer’s impairs emotional regulation due to amygdala and prefrontal cortex damage. While empathetic, this response risks focusing on the delusion, which the client cannot process, making redirection to an activity a more effective, neurobiologically informed approach.