Which of the following describes a characteristic of cancer cells?

Maintaining specialized cell functions

Loss of contact inhibition

Ability to repair DNA damage

Orderly cell cycle progression

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A.   Cancer cells typically lose their specialized functions and characteristics that normal cells have. This loss of differentiation is known as dedifferentiation, where cancer cells become less specialized and more primitive in nature. This allows them to proliferate rapidly and invade surrounding tissues.
B.   Contact inhibition refers to the normal process where cells stop dividing when they come into contact with neighboring cells. In cancer cells, this mechanism is disrupted, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. Cancer cells continue to divide and grow even when they are in close contact with other cells, which contributes to tumor formation and progression.
C.   Cancer cells often acquire mutations that impair their ability to repair DNA damage effectively. This can lead to an accumulation of genetic mutations over time, which is a hallmark of cancer development. While some cancer cells may still have mechanisms to repair DNA damage, they are often less efficient compared to normal cells, leading to genomic instability and further mutation accumulation.
D.   Normal cells follow a tightly regulated cell cycle with specific checkpoints that ensure orderly progression through phases such as G1, S, G2, and M phases. In contrast, cancer cells often have dysregulated cell cycle control. They may bypass checkpoints that normally control cell division, leading to uncontrolled proliferation and growth.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Splenectomy is not a standard treatment for myasthenia gravis. The spleen's role is primarily related to immune function and blood filtration rather than the pathophysiology of MG.
B. Thymectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the thymus gland. The thymus gland plays a role in the development and regulation of the immune system. In some cases of myasthenia gravis, especially in younger patients or those with thymoma (a tumor of the thymus gland), thymectomy can lead to improvement or remission of symptoms. This procedure is considered in cases where myasthenia gravis is refractory to medication or in cases associated with thymoma.
C. Appendectomy is the surgical removal of the appendix and is not a treatment for myasthenia gravis. The appendix is not implicated in the pathophysiology of MG.
D. Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder and is performed for conditions related to the gallbladder, such as gallstones or inflammation. It is not indicated for the treatment of myasthenia gravis.

A. It suppresses the virus which is responsible for causing the inflammation of the nerve. B. It prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine to increase the amount available at the neuromuscular junction. C. It reduces inflammation in the CNS to prevent further demyelination of nerves in the central nervous system. D. It slows the progression of the disease by decreasing the release of glutamate in the brain.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. ALS is not caused by a virus or inflammation of the nerves. It is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
B. While acetylcholine breakdown is involved in other neurological conditions (such as myasthenia gravis), ALS primarily affects motor neurons and does not directly involve acetylcholine metabolism at the neuromuscular junction.
C. ALS does not typically involve significant inflammation or demyelination (which is more characteristic of conditions like multiple sclerosis). Therefore, reducing CNS inflammation is not a therapeutic target in ALS.
D. Riluzole, the medication prescribed for ALS, works by decreasing the release of glutamate, which is a neurotransmitter that can be toxic to nerve cells in high amounts. In ALS, excessive glutamate release is believed to contribute to motor neuron degeneration. By reducing glutamate release, riluzole may help protect motor neurons and slow the progression of the disease.

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Which of the following describes a characteristic of cancer cells?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is caring for a client who has myasthenia gravis which has not responded to medication treatments. Which of the following surgeries can treat myasthenia gravis?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A nurse is caring for a client who has a new diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and a new prescription for riluzole. The nurse understands that this medication works in which of the following ways?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A nurse on an oncology unit is caring for a client who is receiving intravenous chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced colon cancer. Which of the following items should be included in the plan of care for this client?

A nurse is obtaining an admission history on a client who has possible asthma with new-onset wheezing and shortness of breath. Which information may be a cause of the client's bronchoconstriction?

A nurse is caring for a 24-year-old client who has frequent premature atrial contractions seen on the cardiac monitor. The nurse understands that the client requires additional education when the client selects which of the following items for the breakfast tray?

A client on a medical-surgical unit has been diagnosed with Guillain-Barre Syndrome. The nurse understands that in addition to supportive care, which treatment can be used within the first 2 weeks of symptom onset?

A nurse is caring for a client who has been diagnosed with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Which of the following clinical manifestations should the nurse recognize as the most concerning for a client with this condition?

A client presents to the emergency department with complaints of numbness and weakness which began in the feet and has progressed symmetrically in an ascending pattern through the bilateral lower extremities. The nurse understands that this pattern most closely fits which neurological disorder?