Aron's father has been prescribed an oral hypoglycemic drug. Such drugs act:
As an insulin replacement.
To reduce insulin resistance.
To prevent the formation of glucose.
To decrease the body's need for glucose in body cells.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: Oral hypoglycemic drugs are not used as insulin replacements. Insulin replacement is usually achieved through the administration of insulin injections or insulin pumps. These devices deliver the hormone directly into the body to help regulate blood sugar levels, especially in individuals with type 1 diabetes or severe type 2 diabetes where insulin production is significantly impaired. Oral hypoglycemic drugs, on the other hand, work by different mechanisms and are primarily used for type 2 diabetes management.
Choice B reason: Many oral hypoglycemic drugs, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, work by reducing insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is a condition where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. By improving the body's sensitivity to insulin, these drugs help lower blood sugar levels and improve glucose uptake by the cells. This mechanism is crucial for managing type 2 diabetes, where insulin resistance is a significant issue.
Choice C reason: Some oral hypoglycemic drugs, like metformin, do help in reducing glucose production by the liver. However, saying that these drugs "prevent" the formation of glucose is not entirely accurate. These drugs can inhibit gluconeogenesis, the process by which the liver produces glucose, thereby helping to lower blood sugar levels. However, this is only one aspect of their action, and they are not solely classified based on this mechanism.
Choice D reason: Decreasing the body's need for glucose in body cells is not a primary action of oral hypoglycemic drugs. These medications aim to regulate blood glucose levels by improving insulin sensitivity, reducing glucose production in the liver, and sometimes increasing insulin secretion by the pancreas. The goal is to ensure that glucose is effectively utilized by the body's cells and that blood sugar levels are kept within a healthy range.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Both the Somogyi effect and the dawn phenomenon can occur between 4 a.m. and 9 a.m., so this is not a distinguishing factor between the two. They both involve changes in blood glucose levels during this early morning period.
Choice B reason: Both phenomena are influenced by the release of certain hormones, including growth hormone, cortisol, and catecholamines. These hormones can contribute to early morning hyperglycemia, but this alone does not differentiate the Somogyi effect from the dawn phenomenon.
Choice C reason: The Somogyi effect, also known as rebound hyperglycemia, is characterized by a period of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) that occurs during the night, often as a result of excess insulin or other diabetic treatments. This overnight hypoglycemia triggers a counter-regulatory hormone response that leads to hyperglycemia in the early morning. In contrast, the dawn phenomenon is characterized by hyperglycemia in the early morning without preceding hypoglycemia. The dawn phenomenon is due to the natural overnight release of hormones like growth hormone and cortisol, which cause the liver to release glucose into the blood.
Choice D reason: While both effects involve hormone-mediated changes in glucose metabolism, the key difference lies in the presence or absence of preceding hypoglycemia. The dawn phenomenon does not involve insulin resistance triggered by overnight hypoglycemia, whereas the Somogyi effect does. The distinction primarily lies in the nocturnal blood sugar patterns and the body's response to them.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Fever is not typically the first clinical manifestation in tumors of the breast, testicle, or lymph nodes. Fever is generally more associated with infections or systemic illnesses. In the context of cancer, fever might occur in later stages due to the body's response to the tumor or secondary infections.
Choice B reason: Swelling, while it can be a symptom, is not necessarily the first clinical manifestation. Swelling can occur due to a variety of reasons, including infection, trauma, or other non-cancerous conditions. In tumors, swelling may occur as the mass grows and affects surrounding tissues, but it is not the most immediate or obvious sign.
Choice C reason: Pain is also not usually the first symptom to appear in tumors of the breast, testicle, or lymph nodes. Pain often occurs later as the tumor grows and starts pressing on nerves or other structures. Early stages of tumors are often painless, which is why they can go unnoticed for some time.
Choice D reason: The first and most common clinical manifestation of tumors in these areas is a palpable mass. This means a lump or mass that can be felt through the skin. This is particularly true for breast, testicular, and lymph node cancers. Early detection often involves physical examinations to feel for any unusual lumps.
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