Aron, a 12-year-old male, is admitted with type 1 diabetes mellitus. For this diagnosis to have been made, Aron had all of the following pathophysiological characteristics except:
Enlarged pancreas.
Hyperglycemia and hyper ketonuria.
A combination of environmental and genetic factors as the cause.
Peak occurrence between ages 7 and 15 years.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A reason: An enlarged pancreas is not a characteristic of type 1 diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a decrease in insulin production. This does not cause the pancreas to become enlarged.
Choice B reason: Hyperglycemia and hyper ketonuria are characteristic findings in type 1 diabetes. Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, occurs due to the lack of insulin. Hyper ketonuria, or high levels of ketones in the urine, occurs because the body breaks down fats for energy in the absence of insulin, leading to the production of ketones.
Choice C reason: A combination of environmental and genetic factors is considered to be the cause of type 1 diabetes. Genetic predisposition and environmental triggers such as viral infections can lead to the development of the disease.
Choice D reason: Type 1 diabetes most commonly occurs in children and adolescents, with a peak occurrence between the ages of 7 and 15 years. This age range is when the majority of cases are diagnosed.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Positive feedback mechanisms amplify changes or deviations in the body. They are less common in physiological processes and typically drive processes to completion, such as childbirth and blood clotting. The regulation of blood glucose levels does not operate on a positive feedback mechanism.
Choice B reason: Releasing hormones are typically involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and the regulation of hormone secretion from other endocrine glands. Examples include thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Insulin secretion in response to blood glucose levels is not directly controlled by releasing hormones.
Choice C reason: Negative feedback is the primary mechanism by which homeostasis is maintained in the body. When blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas secretes insulin to lower blood glucose levels, restoring them to normal. This is an example of negative feedback, as the increase in glucose levels triggers a response (insulin secretion) that counteracts the initial change, bringing blood glucose back to its set point.
Choice D reason: Ectopic hormones are hormones produced by tissues that normally do not produce hormones, often in cases of tumors or certain disease conditions. The regulation of insulin in response to blood glucose levels does not involve ectopic hormone production.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Decreased fluid intake would typically result in lower urine output and higher urine concentration, but it does not directly explain a urine sodium concentration of 10 mmol/L.
Choice B reason: Increased fluid intake would generally lead to higher urine output and lower urine sodium concentration, as the kidneys excrete excess sodium. Therefore, this is not consistent with a urine sodium concentration of 10 mmol/L.
Choice C reason: Insensible loss refers to fluid loss that is not easily measured, such as through sweating or breathing. It does not directly explain the urine sodium concentration.
Choice D reason: Sodium retention is consistent with a low urine sodium concentration of 10 mmol/L in patients with large-volume ascites. In conditions like cirrhosis, the body retains sodium, leading to fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites) and lower sodium excretion in the urine.
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