Aron, a 12-year-old male, is admitted with type 1 diabetes mellitus. For this diagnosis to have been made, Aron had all of the following pathophysiological characteristics except:
Enlarged pancreas.
Hyperglycemia and hyper ketonuria.
A combination of environmental and genetic factors as the cause.
Peak occurrence between ages 7 and 15 years.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A reason: An enlarged pancreas is not a characteristic of type 1 diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a decrease in insulin production. This does not cause the pancreas to become enlarged.
Choice B reason: Hyperglycemia and hyper ketonuria are characteristic findings in type 1 diabetes. Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, occurs due to the lack of insulin. Hyper ketonuria, or high levels of ketones in the urine, occurs because the body breaks down fats for energy in the absence of insulin, leading to the production of ketones.
Choice C reason: A combination of environmental and genetic factors is considered to be the cause of type 1 diabetes. Genetic predisposition and environmental triggers such as viral infections can lead to the development of the disease.
Choice D reason: Type 1 diabetes most commonly occurs in children and adolescents, with a peak occurrence between the ages of 7 and 15 years. This age range is when the majority of cases are diagnosed.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Type 1 diabetes is not characterized by the stimulation of glucose production due to food intake and resulting in increased insulin production. This description is more relevant to normal metabolic processes rather than the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying type 1 diabetes.
Choice B reason: The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes is not due to decreased production of releasing hormones by the hypothalamus. While hormonal regulation plays a role in overall endocrine function, type 1 diabetes specifically involves the pancreatic islet cells.
Choice C reason: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets. This destruction leads to a deficiency of insulin, which is necessary for regulating blood glucose levels. As a result, individuals with type 1 diabetes must rely on exogenous insulin to manage their blood sugar levels.
Choice D reason: Insulin resistance, where insulin-sensitive tissues do not respond effectively to insulin, is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes, not type 1 diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the issue is the lack of insulin production due to the destruction of the pancreatic islet cells.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Type 2 diabetes is primarily characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin. This means that glucose cannot enter the cells efficiently, leading to high blood sugar levels. Additionally, there may be a suboptimal amount of insulin produced by the pancreas. Together, these factors contribute to the development and progression of type 2 diabetes.
Choice B reason: While individuals with type 2 diabetes are at a higher risk for infections due to high blood sugar levels affecting immune function, infection itself is not the root cause of type 2 diabetes. The primary issue in type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production.
Choice C reason: White blood cells (WBC) play a key role in the immune system. Type 2 diabetes does not primarily arise from issues with WBCs. However, high blood sugar levels can impair the function of WBCs, increasing the risk of infections in diabetic individuals.
Choice D reason: Red blood cells (RBC) are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Type 2 diabetes is not directly related to problems with RBCs. Instead, it is an issue with insulin and blood sugar regulation. While high blood sugar can affect various body functions, the primary problem lies in insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production.
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