Calculate the flow rate in mL/hr. (Equpment used is programmable in whole mL/hr) 180 mL 0.45% NS in 40 min by infusion group

A) Flushing of the face:
Flushing is a common and usually harmless side effect of nitroglycerin, caused by its vasodilation properties. It often resolves quickly and is not typically a cause for concern. While it can be uncomfortable, it is not a sign of a serious problem that would require immediate medical attention.

B) Dizziness upon standing:
Dizziness upon standing (orthostatic hypotension) is a known side effect of nitroglycerin due to its blood pressure-lowering effects. It typically occurs when the patient rises too quickly from a sitting or lying position. While it can be uncomfortable and may cause the patient to feel lightheaded, it is usually not an emergency and can often be managed by rising slowly. If dizziness persists or is severe, the healthcare provider should be notified, but it is not an immediate emergency.

C) Persistent chest pain that lasts longer than 15 minutes:
Chest pain lasting longer than 15 minutes could indicate a myocardial infarction (heart attack) rather than stable angina, even if nitroglycerin has been administered. Chest pain that is not relieved by nitroglycerin or persists for more than a few minutes is an emergency situation and should be reported immediately to the healthcare provider or emergency services.

D) Mild headache:
Headache is a common and benign side effect of nitroglycerin, caused by its vasodilation effect. It is usually mild and transient and does not require immediate medical attention. In most cases, the headache improves over time or with the use of over-the-counter pain relievers, and it is not a reason to contact the healthcare provider unless it becomes severe or persistent.

A) Cough:
Cough is more commonly associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, such as enalapril or lisinopril, rather than with beta blockers. ACE inhibitors can cause a persistent dry cough due to the accumulation of bradykinin. Beta blockers do not generally have a direct effect on causing cough, so this is not a typical side effect of beta blockers.

B) Hypotension:
Hypotension (low blood pressure) is a common and well-documented side effect of beta blockers. Beta blockers, such as metoprolol, atenolol, and propranolol, work by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to a reduction in heart rate and the force of heart contractions, which can lower blood pressure. In patients with already low blood pressure or those receiving other antihypertensive medications, this effect may be more pronounced and could lead to symptomatic hypotension, such as dizziness or lightheadedness.

C) Anxiety:
Anxiety is not a common side effect of beta blockers. In fact, beta blockers are sometimes prescribed to manage symptoms of anxiety, particularly for physical symptoms like palpitations and tremors. However, anxiety may worsen in some individuals due to other factors, such as the psychological impact of dealing with heart disease, but this is not a typical side effect of beta blockers.

D) Elevated heart rate:
Beta blockers work to decrease heart rate by blocking the effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) on beta-adrenergic receptors. This leads to a slower heart rate and reduced workload on the heart. Therefore, elevated heart rate is not a common side effect of beta blockers. In fact, if the heart rate becomes too low (bradycardia), this can be a concerning side effect, but it is the opposite of an elevated heart rate.