During the initial visit with the nurse at the fertility clinic, the patient asks what effect cigarette smoking or heavy alcohol intake has on the ability to conceive.
What is the nurse's best response?

Choice A rationale

A possible sign of pregnancy includes symptoms that are suggestive but not definitive, such as amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) or fatigue. These signs can have multiple causes and are not conclusive proof of pregnancy.

Choice B rationale

A positive sign of pregnancy includes objective evidence like fetal movement felt by the examiner, fetal heart sounds detected, or visualization of the fetus on ultrasound. These signs provide direct confirmation of pregnancy.

Choice C rationale

Presumptive signs of pregnancy are subjective experiences reported by the patient, such as nausea, breast tenderness, or quickening (feeling fetal movement). These signs are not confirmatory as they can occur in other conditions.

Choice D rationale

Probable signs of pregnancy include objective findings observed by a healthcare provider, such as uterine enlargement, but they are not definitive as they can also be caused by conditions like fibroids.

Choice A rationale

Iron needs significantly increase during pregnancy to support the increased blood volume, the formation of the placenta, and the growth of the fetus. Pregnant women often require additional iron to prevent anemia and ensure adequate oxygen transport to the baby.

Choice B rationale

While calcium requirements do increase during breastfeeding to support milk production, this statement is not directly related to the nutritional needs during pregnancy. The focus during pregnancy should be on adequate intake of nutrients that support both maternal and fetal health.

Choice C rationale

Vitamin E requirements do not decline during pregnancy. In fact, the need for antioxidants like vitamin E may increase to protect both the mother and developing fetus from oxidative stress.

Choice D rationale

While prenatal vitamins are important for meeting various nutritional needs during pregnancy, they do not always provide sufficient vitamin D. Some women may need additional supplementation based on their dietary intake, sun exposure, and individual health needs.