Exhibits
Click to mark whether the actions are indicated, contraindicated, or nonessential for this client. Each row must have one option selected.
Increase the fraction of inspired oxygen
Collect equipment for a needle aspiration
Replace the ventilator
Measure the nasogastric tube output
Place the client in Trendelenburg
The Correct Answer is {"A":{"answers":"A"},"B":{"answers":"B"},"C":{"answers":"C"},"D":{"answers":"A"},"E":{"answers":"B"}}
- Increase the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂). The client has severe COVID pneumonia and is on mechanical ventilation with high inspiratory pressures, suggesting acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Increasing FiO₂ is indicated if oxygenation is inadequate (e.g., low PaO₂ or SpO₂). However, oxygen toxicity should be avoided, so adjustments should be made based on arterial blood gases (ABGs) and oxygen saturation.
- Collect equipment for a needle aspiration. Needle aspiration is typically used for pneumothorax management, but there is no mention of clinical signs such as sudden hypotension, absent breath sounds, or tracheal deviation. While ventilated COVID-19 patients are at risk for barotrauma, this procedure is not justified without evidence of pneumothorax.
- Replace the ventilator. There is no indication that the ventilator is malfunctioning or that the settings are inappropriate. If ventilation issues arise (e.g., high plateau pressures, auto-PEEP, or ventilator asynchrony), adjustments to settings, sedation, or lung-protective strategies should be considered before replacing the ventilator.
- Measure the nasogastric tube output. The client is intubated and sedated, meaning they cannot protect their airway or tolerate oral intake. A nasogastric (NG) tube is commonly placed for gastric decompression and feeding. Monitoring NG output is essential to assess for gastrointestinal bleeding, ileus, or high residual volumes, which can affect feeding tolerance.
- Place the client in Trendelenburg. The Trendelenburg position increases the risk of aspiration, impairs lung expansion, and worsens ventilation-perfusion mismatch, especially in ARDS patients. Instead, prone positioning is often preferred in severe COVID pneumonia to improve oxygenation and alveolar recruitment.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is []
Explanation
Answer:
Potential Condition:
Acute Adrenal Crisis
- The client has a history of Addison’s disease (chronic steroid use) and recent illness with vomiting, leading to decreased oral intake and medication noncompliance.
- Symptoms such as hypotension (80/50 mmHg), tachycardia (115 bpm), confusion, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are classic signs of acute adrenal insufficiency.
Actions to Take:
Bolus Intravenous Fluids
- Fluid resuscitation with 0.9% normal saline is critical to restore intravascular volume and correct hypotension due to adrenal insufficiency.
Check Blood Glucose
- Hypoglycemia is a common complication of adrenal crisis due to cortisol deficiency, requiring close monitoring and possible glucose administration.
Parameters to Monitor:
Blood Pressure
- Hypotension is a hallmark of adrenal crisis and must be monitored closely to assess response to fluid resuscitation and steroid therapy.
Electrolytes
- Clients with adrenal crisis often have hyponatremia and hyperkalemia due to aldosterone deficiency, requiring frequent electrolyte monitoring.
Incorrect Choices:
Potential Conditions:
- Ketoacidosis: More common in diabetes, presents with high blood glucose and ketonuria.
- Diabetes Insipidus: Causes polyuria and dehydration but lacks hypotension and hyperkalemia.
- Myxedema: Linked to hypothyroidism, causing bradycardia and hypothermia, not hypotension and hyperkalemia.
Actions to Take:
- Hold hydrocortisone dose: Steroid replacement is necessary, not withholding it.
- Collect urine for a urinalysis: Not a priority; adrenal crisis is diagnosed via history, symptoms, and labs.
- Change intravenous fluids to 0.45%: Hypotension requires 0.9% normal saline, not hypotonic fluids.
Parameters to Monitor:
- Urine output: Useful but less critical than blood pressure and electrolytes in adrenal crisis.
- Thyroid stimulating hormone: Relevant for hypothyroidism, not adrenal insufficiency.
- Heart rate: Tachycardia is expected but is not the most critical indicator of improvement.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Administer a PRN bolus normal saline. The client is exhibiting signs of hypovolemic shock, including tachycardia (HR 110 bpm), tachypnea (RR 24), and hypotension (BP 80/50 mmHg) following massive gastrointestinal bleeding and multiple blood transfusions. Immediate fluid resuscitation with a normal saline bolus is the priority to restore intravascular volume, maintain perfusion, and prevent further deterioration.
B. Obtain a blood specimen for hematocrit. While monitoring hematocrit is important to assess ongoing blood loss, it does not take priority over treating the client’s current hypovolemia. A delay in resuscitation could worsen hypotension, decrease organ perfusion, and lead to shock.
C. Measure strict hourly urinary output. Monitoring urine output is important in assessing renal perfusion and fluid balance, but the client’s immediate need is volume replacement. If fluid resuscitation is delayed, renal perfusion could worsen, leading to acute kidney injury.
D. Switch oxygen delivery to a face mask. The client’s oxygen saturation is 94% on 4 L/min nasal cannula, indicating adequate oxygenation at this time. Increasing oxygen delivery is not immediately necessary compared to fluid resuscitation. However, if the client’s condition worsens, oxygen therapy adjustments may be needed.
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