Ideas that one holds as true are:

A. Changing the subject is correct because the nurse shifted the focus away from the client’s expressed feelings about being ignored to an unrelated topic (stress reduction classes).
B. Offering advice involves telling the client what to do, which did not occur here.
C. Disapproving would convey judgment about the client’s behavior or feelings, which is not present in this response.
D. Challenging means questioning or disputing the client’s feelings or perceptions, which also is not shown in this scenario.

A. Empirical knowing is the science of nursing—knowledge that comes from research, facts, and objective evidence. It focuses on observable phenomena and can be verified scientifically.
B. Clinical knowing is not one of Carper’s four fundamental patterns of knowing. While clinical skills and judgment are essential to nursing, Carper’s framework specifically identifies empirical, ethical, personal, and aesthetic knowing.
C. Ethical knowing relates to the moral component of nursing practice—understanding what is right, what is responsible, and how to make principled decisions in complex care situations.
D. Personal knowing emphasizes the nurse’s self-awareness, therapeutic use of self, and authenticity in the nurse–patient relationship.