In the kidney, where are the mechanisms found that are responsible for increasing urine concentration?

Calyx.

Proximal convoluted tubule.

Renal pelvis.

The loop of Henle.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

The loop of Henle, a critical structure within the nephron of the kidney, plays a key role in the concentration of urine through the process of countercurrent multiplication. Here's why option D is the correct choice:

A) Calyx:

The calyx is a structure in the kidney that collects urine from the renal papillae and channels it into the renal pelvis. It does not directly participate in the concentration of urine.

B) Proximal convoluted tubule:

The proximal convoluted tubule primarily reabsorbs water, electrolytes, and nutrients from the glomerular filtrate, but it does not contribute significantly to the concentration of urine.

C) Renal pelvis:

The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the calyces and funnels it into the ureter. It is not directly involved in the concentration of urine.

D) The loop of Henle:

Correct. The loop of Henle is the nephron segment responsible for generating a hypertonic medullary interstitium, which creates the osmotic gradient necessary for urine concentration. The loop of Henle achieves this through countercurrent multiplication, where the descending limb allows passive reabsorption of water, while the ascending limb actively pumps out sodium and chloride ions. This creates an osmotic gradient that allows for further water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, leading to concentrated urine.

Nursing Test Bank

Quiz #1: RN Exams Pharmacology Exams Quiz #2: RN Exams Medical-Surgical Exams Quiz #3: RN Exams Fundamentals Exams Quiz #4: RN Exams Maternal-Newborn Exams Quiz #5: RN Exams Anatomy and Physiology Exams Quiz #6: RN Exams Obstetrics and Pediatrics Exams Quiz #7: RN Exams Fluid and Electrolytes Exams Quiz #8: RN Exams Community Health Exams Quiz #9: RN Exams Promoting Health across the lifespan Exams Quiz #10: RN Exams Multidimensional care Exams

Get 100+ Naxlex Exit Exams for $79 Try Naxlex NCLEX-RN (14 Day Free-Trial)

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Quiz #1: Naxlex RN Comprehensive online practice 2019 B with NGN Quiz #2: Naxlex RN Comprehensive Predictor 2023 Quiz #3: Naxlex RN Comprehensive Predictor 2023 Exit Exam A Quiz #4: Naxlex HESI Exit LPN Exam Quiz #5: Naxlex PN Comprehensive Predictor PN 2020 Quiz #6: Naxlex VATI PN Comprehensive Predictor 2020 Quiz #8: Naxlex PN Comprehensive Predictor 2023 - Exam 1 Quiz #10: Naxlex HESI PN Exit exam Quiz #11: Naxlex HESI PN EXIT Exam 2

Free Nursing Study Resources

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

The ABG results indicate respiratory acidosis (pH 7.0, PaCO2 66 mmHg) with compensatory metabolic alkalosis (HCO3- 24 mEq/L). The low PaO2 (60 mmHg) suggests hypoxemia.

pH 7.0: The pH is below the normal range (7.35 to 7.45), indicating acidosis.

PaCO2 66 mmHg: The PaCO2 is elevated above the normal range (35 to 45 mmHg), indicating respiratory acidosis.

HCO3- 24 mEq/L: The bicarbonate level is within the normal range (21 to 28 mEq/L), indicating compensatory metabolic alkalosis.

PaO2 60 mmHg: The PaO2 is decreased below the normal range (80 to 100 mmHg), indicating hypoxemia.

These findings suggest that the client is experiencing respiratory failure, which is characterized by inadequate gas exchange resulting in hypoxemia and hypercapnia. In this case, the massive pulmonary embolus is causing ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, leading to impaired gas exchange and respiratory compromise. Tachycardia, hypotension, and audible bilateral pulmonary crackles further support the diagnosis of respiratory failure in the context of a massive pulmonary embolus.

A. Vasoconstrictive properties of nicotine reduce oxygenation and stimulate metabolism. B. Drug addiction changes the neurochemical messages in the brain causing cravings. C. Carcinogenic agents in tobacco alter cellular cytology, morphology, and function of the lung. D. Risk for comorbidities increase incidence of chronic diseases and decrease longevity.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Smoking is a well-established risk factor for lung cancer, and the pathophysiological process underlying this association involves the exposure of the lungs to carcinogenic agents present in tobacco smoke. Here's why option C is the correct choice:

A) Vasoconstrictive properties of nicotine reduce oxygenation and stimulate metabolism:

While nicotine is a primary addictive component of tobacco smoke and can lead to vasoconstriction, reduced oxygenation, and increased metabolism, these effects primarily contribute to cardiovascular diseases associated with smoking, such as coronary artery disease and stroke, rather than the development of lung cancer.

B) Drug addiction changes the neurochemical messages in the brain causing cravings:

This statement addresses the addictive nature of nicotine and its impact on neurochemistry, leading to cravings and dependence. While addiction is a significant aspect of tobacco use, it does not directly explain the pathophysiological process by which smoking causes lung cancer.

C) Carcinogenic agents in tobacco alter cellular cytology, morphology, and function of the lung:

Correct. Tobacco smoke contains numerous carcinogenic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrosamines, and benzene, which can directly damage the DNA of lung cells. This DNA damage can lead to mutations and alterations in cellular cytology, morphology, and function, ultimately contributing to the development of lung cancer.

D) Risk for comorbidities increase incidence of chronic diseases and decrease longevity:

While smoking is associated with an increased risk of various comorbidities and chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and certain cancers, this option does not specifically address the pathophysiological process of lung cancer development.

View Question and Answer

Whether you are a student looking to ace your exams or a practicing nurse seeking to enhance your expertise , our nursing education contents will empower you with the confidence and competence to make a difference in the lives of patients and become a respected leader in the healthcare field.

Visit Naxlex, invest in your future and unlock endless possibilities with our unparalleled nursing education contents today

In the kidney, where are the mechanisms found that are responsible for increasing urine concentration?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

The school nurse is teaching a group of clients about how tobacco smoke causes lung cancer. Which pathophysiological process supports the risk of cancer from smoking?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

The development of atherosclerosis is a process of sequential events. Arrange the pathophysiological events in order of occurrence. Place the first event on top, and the last on the bottom.

In caring for an infant after circumcision, the nurse observes continued bleeding from the site and suspects hemophilia. Which hematological components are insufficient causing bleeding if hemophilia is present?

A client is being treated for a gastric ulcer caused by Heliobacter pylori. The nurse should prepare the client for long term follow-up to which associated problem?

A client reports experiencing blurry central vision that has recently worsened. Which pathological process supports the client's subjective report?

The nurse assesses the wound of a client who received sutures for a laceration of the hand two days ago. Which finding is a normal inflammatory response?

The nurse is providing care for a client with a diagnosis of otosclerosis due to previous ear surgeries. Which type of pathological hearing loss supports the client's clinical history?

A client who has asthma (a reactive airway disease) asks the nurse about the role of leukotrienes in this process. Leukotrienes have which immune response?