In the kidney, where are the mechanisms found that are responsible for increasing urine concentration?
Calyx.
Proximal convoluted tubule.
Renal pelvis.
The loop of Henle.
The Correct Answer is D
The loop of Henle, a critical structure within the nephron of the kidney, plays a key role in the concentration of urine through the process of countercurrent multiplication. Here's why option D is the correct choice:
A) Calyx:
The calyx is a structure in the kidney that collects urine from the renal papillae and channels it into the renal pelvis. It does not directly participate in the concentration of urine.
B) Proximal convoluted tubule:
The proximal convoluted tubule primarily reabsorbs water, electrolytes, and nutrients from the glomerular filtrate, but it does not contribute significantly to the concentration of urine.
C) Renal pelvis:
The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the calyces and funnels it into the ureter. It is not directly involved in the concentration of urine.
D) The loop of Henle:
Correct. The loop of Henle is the nephron segment responsible for generating a hypertonic medullary interstitium, which creates the osmotic gradient necessary for urine concentration. The loop of Henle achieves this through countercurrent multiplication, where the descending limb allows passive reabsorption of water, while the ascending limb actively pumps out sodium and chloride ions. This creates an osmotic gradient that allows for further water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, leading to concentrated urine.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A,D,C,E,B
Explanation
This sequence starts with an injury to the arterial endothelium, leading to inflammation. Macrophages then consume LDL, forming foam cells. These foam cells release growth factors that stimulate the growth of smooth muscle cells. The smooth muscle cells grow over the fatty streaks, creating fibrous plaques. Finally, as these plaques grow, they narrow the vessel, which can result in ischemia. This is a simplified explanation of a complex process that involves many other factors and steps. It’s also important to note that this process can take many years to develop.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Otosclerosis is a condition characterized by abnormal bone growth in the middle ear, specifically involving the stapes bone. This abnormal bone growth interferes with the transmission of sound vibrations from the middle ear to the inner ear, resulting in conductive hearing loss. Here's a breakdown of each option:
A) Presbycusis:
Presbycusis refers to age-related hearing loss, typically involving sensorineural components such as the degeneration of hair cells in the inner ear or changes in the auditory nerve. While presbycusis is a common cause of hearing loss in older adults, it is not directly related to otosclerosis or previous ear surgeries.
B) Conductive:
Correct. Otosclerosis primarily affects the middle ear by causing abnormal bone growth around the stapes bone, which can immobilize it and interfere with sound transmission to the inner ear. As a result, individuals with otosclerosis often experience conductive hearing loss, where sound is not effectively conducted from the outer or middle ear to the inner ear.
C) Endolymphatic:
Endolymphatic hydrops, also known as Ménière's disease, involves abnormal fluid accumulation in the inner ear, leading to symptoms such as vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss. While inner ear disorders like endolymphatic hydrops can cause sensorineural hearing loss, otosclerosis primarily affects the conductive components of hearing.
D) Sensorineural:
Sensorineural hearing loss occurs due to dysfunction or damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or auditory nerve pathways leading to the brain. This type of hearing loss is typically permanent and can result from various factors, including age-related changes, noise exposure, and certain medical conditions. While sensorineural hearing loss can coexist with conductive hearing loss in some cases, otosclerosis primarily causes conductive hearing loss rather than sensorineural hearing loss.
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