The nurse is caring for a young adult who reports uncontrolled acne vulgaris. Which pathological findings should the nurse observe on inspection of skin areas commonly affected in acne vulgaris?

Small, skin-colored, pedunculated papules in areas of skin folds and on other areas as skin tags

Hyperpigmented areas that vary in form and color and are slightly elevated from the skin.

Hyperactive sebaceous areas forming comedones, papules, pustules on the face, neck, and upper back.

Sharply demarcated silvery scaling plaques with underlying redness on the elbows and knees.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A) Small, skin-colored, pedunculated papules in areas of skin folds and on other areas as skin tags:

This description is more characteristic of acrochordons (skin tags), which are benign skin growths often found in skin folds. Skin tags are typically not associated with acne vulgaris.

B) Hyperpigmented areas that vary in form and color and are slightly elevated from the skin:

This description may be indicative of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which can occur after resolution of acne lesions. However, it does not represent the primary pathological findings observed in acne vulgaris.

C) Hyperactive sebaceous areas forming comedones, papules, pustules on the face, neck, and upper back:

Correct. Acne vulgaris is characterized by hyperactive sebaceous glands, leading to the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, and pustules. These lesions commonly occur on the face, neck, and upper back due to the high density of sebaceous glands in these areas.

D) Sharply demarcated silvery scaling plaques with underlying redness on the elbows and knees:

This description is more indicative of psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by silvery scaling plaques and inflammation. Psoriasis typically affects extensor surfaces such as the elbows and knees, rather than the areas commonly affected by acne vulgaris.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A) Deficiency of factors VIII or IX.

Hemophilia is a genetic disorder characterized by deficient or defective clotting factors, specifically factors VIII (hemophilia A) or IX (hemophilia B). These clotting factors are essential for the formation of stable blood clots. Therefore, if hemophilia is present, the deficiency of factors VIII or IX can lead to impaired clot formation and prolonged bleeding.

B) Diminished amount of vitamin K:

Vitamin K deficiency can lead to impaired blood clotting due to inadequate synthesis of clotting factors in the liver. However, hemophilia is specifically associated with deficiencies in factors VIII or IX, not vitamin K.

C) Decreased amount of platelets:

Platelets play a crucial role in primary hemostasis and initial platelet plug formation at the site of vascular injury. While decreased platelet count or dysfunction can lead to bleeding disorders such as thrombocytopenia or platelet function disorders, hemophilia specifically involves deficiencies in clotting factors, not platelets.

D) Missing factors V and VII:

Factor V and VII are other clotting factors involved in the coagulation cascade, but they are not deficient in hemophilia. Hemophilia is specifically characterized by deficiencies in factors VIII (hemophilia A) or IX (hemophilia B).

A. Gastric carcinoma. B. Hypokalemia. C. Kidney stones. D. Celiac disease.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Gastric carcinoma:

Helicobacter pylori infection is a known risk factor for the development of gastric carcinoma, or stomach cancer. Long-term follow-up is essential for clients treated for gastric ulcers caused by H. pylori infection to monitor for any signs or symptoms of gastric malignancy, such as persistent abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, dysphagia, or gastrointestinal bleeding. Regular surveillance with endoscopic examinations may be recommended to detect any precancerous or cancerous changes in the gastric mucosa.

B. Hypokalemia:

Hypokalemia, or low potassium levels, is not directly associated with gastric ulcers caused by H. pylori infection. While certain medications used in the treatment of gastric ulcers, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2-receptor antagonists, may increase the risk of hypokalemia, it is not a long-term complication specifically related to H. pylori infection.

C. Kidney stones:

Kidney stones, or nephrolithiasis, are not directly associated with gastric ulcers caused by H. pylori infection. Kidney stones typically form in the kidneys and urinary tract due to factors such as dehydration, dietary factors, or metabolic disorders. While certain conditions, such as chronic kidney disease, may be associated with gastric ulcers, kidney stones are not a typical long-term complication.

D. Celiac disease:

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by an abnormal immune response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. It is not directly associated with gastric ulcers caused by H. pylori infection. Celiac disease primarily affects the small intestine, leading to inflammation and damage to the intestinal lining in response to gluten ingestion. While individuals with celiac disease may experience gastrointestinal symptoms, they are not at increased risk for gastric ulcers specifically related to H. pylori infection.

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The nurse is caring for a young adult who reports uncontrolled acne vulgaris. Which pathological findings should the nurse observe on inspection of skin areas commonly affected in acne vulgaris?

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