Longitudinal studies of adult changes in various intellectual tasks show that declines in ability typically begin at different ages for different tasks. Which of the following is true regarding such changes?
Verbal comprehension peaks when people are in their sixties.
Inductive reasoning begins to show serious declines when people are in their forties.
Perceptual speed begins to decline when people are in their forties.
The capacity to perform simple arithmetic functions does not show declines until people are in their forties.
Verbal memory shows little drop in capacity until people are well into their eighties.
The Correct Answer is C
A. Verbal comprehension peaks when people are in their sixties: Verbal comprehension (a crystallized ability) tends to remain stable or peak later in adulthood (often middle to late adulthood), so this statement is plausible but slightly imprecise in exact timing.
B. Inductive reasoning begins to show serious declines when people are in their forties: Inductive reasoning is a fluid ability that typically shows age-related decline earlier than crystallized skills; “serious declines” may vary, but declines often begin in middle adulthood.
C. Perceptual speed begins to decline when people are in their forties: perceptual speed (a fluid processing measure) is among the earliest cognitive abilities to show age-related decline and is commonly observed to drop by middle adulthood (noticeable by the 40s).
D. The capacity to perform simple arithmetic functions does not show declines until people are in their forties: Simple arithmetic (often supported by crystallized knowledge) is typically maintained longer than fluid speed, so this statement is less accurate as phrased.
E. Verbal memory shows little drop in capacity until people are well into their eighties: Verbal memory can show declines earlier (in later middle age and old age), so claiming little drop until the 80s overstates stability.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Infantile amnesia:infantile amnesia is the common inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years (typically before age 3).
B. Egocentrism:Egocentrism (Piaget) is a child’s difficulty taking others’ perspectives, not inability to remember early experiences.
C. Identity diffusion:Identity diffusion (an Eriksonian/adolescent concept) refers to lack of identity commitments, not early memory loss.
D. Retroactive interference:Retroactive interference is when new memories interfere with retrieval of older ones; it’s a memory process but not the standard term for inability to recall infancy.
E. Discontinuity:Discontinuity refers to stage-like development and isn’t the term for early-life memory absence.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Self-awareness: directing attention to one’s own thoughts is introspection/metacognitive self-awareness - recognizing one’s mental states.
B. Self-esteem: Self-esteem concerns evaluative feelings about oneself (worth), not simply attending to one’s thoughts.
C. Self-control: Self-control is regulating behavior/emotions; it may use self-awareness but is not the same thing.
D. Self-adjustment: “Self-adjustment” is not a standard psychological term for attending to one’s thoughts.
E. Self-concept: Self-concept is the broader set of beliefs and knowledge about oneself (traits, roles); directing attention to thoughts more precisely indicates self-awareness.
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