Metformin works by:
Increasing the cells' sensitivity to insulin.
Stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas.
Stimulating glucose uptake in the skeletal muscles.
Increasing hepatic glucose production.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale
Metformin primarily increases peripheral insulin sensitivity, particularly in muscle and adipose tissues, facilitating glucose uptake and utilization. It inhibits hepatic glucose production through AMPK activation, reducing gluconeogenesis. Metformin also improves lipid profiles and insulin resistance without promoting insulin secretion, which minimizes the risk of hypoglycemia. Its actions target metabolic pathways, enhancing cellular glucose management for type 2 diabetes control.
Choice B rationale
Metformin does not stimulate pancreatic insulin release. It acts independently of insulin production mechanisms, focusing on improving peripheral sensitivity and reducing hepatic glucose output. Drugs like sulfonylureas target beta cells for insulin release, unlike metformin, which avoids direct engagement with the pancreas, minimizing hypoglycemia risks associated with excessive insulin secretion.
Choice C rationale
Stimulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscles is a partial outcome of improved insulin sensitivity induced by metformin. However, metformin’s mechanism extends beyond this, involving significant hepatic effects. It does not directly stimulate glucose uptake as a sole action; rather, it enhances overall metabolic efficiency and glucose management through multiple pathways.
Choice D rationale
Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production rather than increasing it. It inhibits gluconeogenesis by activating AMPK, suppressing the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. This inhibition aids in reducing fasting glucose levels, which are often elevated in type 2 diabetes. The opposite action described contradicts its therapeutic role in managing hyperglycemia effectively.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale
X-rays are commonly used to diagnose osteoarthritis as they effectively visualize joint space narrowing, osteophyte formation, and subchondral sclerosis, which are characteristic of OA. These imaging findings assist in confirming the diagnosis and assessing disease progression.
Choice B rationale
Lithography is not a diagnostic tool used for OA. It primarily refers to a printing method and has no relevance to imaging joints affected by osteoarthritis or diagnosing the condition scientifically.
Choice C rationale
Ultrasound can visualize soft tissues but is not routinely used for OA diagnosis. It does not provide the detailed assessment of joint degeneration seen in X-rays, making it less appropriate for identifying OA-related changes.
Choice D rationale
Echocardiograms are used to assess heart function and have no application in diagnosing osteoarthritis. They are irrelevant in imaging joint structures or evaluating degenerative joint diseases scientifically. .
Correct Answer is ["C","D","E","F"]
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Assessing the range of motion of a severely injured leg is not appropriate during initial evaluation. Movement can worsen the injury or disrupt stabilizing measures such as splints or dressings.
Choice B rationale
Asking the patient to stand or bear weight risks further injury and is contraindicated in cases of visible deformity or massive bleeding.
Choice C rationale
Evaluating skin color helps identify potential ischemia, vascular compromise, or inadequate perfusion. Pallor or cyanosis can indicate significant circulation issues needing urgent care.
Choice D rationale
Paresthesia (tingling or numbness) reflects nerve function and can reveal nerve damage or compromised blood flow, necessitating thorough evaluation.
Choice E rationale
Pain assessment is crucial for identifying the severity of injury and potential complications such as compartment syndrome. Pain disproportionate to the injury suggests complications.
Choice F rationale
Palpating pulses assesses blood flow, ensuring the presence of distal perfusion. Absent or weak pulses require urgent vascular intervention to prevent tissue necrosis.
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