Mr. Jones is a 65-year-old client who is struggling with his sense of purpose after retirement. Which psychoanalyst developed a developmental theory that covers the entire lifespan?
Sigmund Freud
Jean Piaget
Erik Erikson
Milton Erickson
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A reason: Sigmund Freud developed psychosexual stages of development, which primarily focus on early childhood and do not extend meaningfully into older adulthood.
Choice B reason: Jean Piaget is known for his cognitive development theory, which focuses on childhood stages of learning and does not address adult psychosocial development.
Choice C reason: Erik Erikson developed the psychosocial stages of development, which span from infancy to late adulthood. His final stage, "Integrity vs. Despair," specifically addresses the challenges of aging and finding meaning after retirement.
Choice D reason: Milton Erickson was a psychiatrist known for his work in hypnosis and brief therapy, not for a developmental theory covering the lifespan.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Sublimation is a mature defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses are transformed into socially acceptable actions. Jason’s shift from drug use to extreme sports channels his need for stimulation into a constructive outlet, making this a textbook example of sublimation.
Choice B reason: Suppression involves consciously choosing to delay or avoid dealing with distressing thoughts or feelings. Jason is not avoiding his impulses; he is redirecting them, which is more consistent with sublimation.
Choice C reason: Projection involves attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else. Jason is not externalizing blame or emotions onto others, so this does not apply.
Choice D reason: Transference refers to redirecting feelings about significant others onto the therapist. Jason’s statement is about his own coping strategy, not about the therapeutic relationship.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Hyperprolactinemia is a known side effect of many antipsychotics, especially those that block dopamine D2 receptors in the tuberoinfundibular pathway. However, thioridazine is not particularly associated with this effect as a long-term consequence requiring discontinuation.
Choice B reason: Priapism is a rare but serious side effect of some psychotropic medications, particularly those with alpha-adrenergic blocking properties. Thioridazine has minimal association with priapism and it is not a common reason for long-term discontinuation.
Choice C reason: Tardive dyskinesia is a well-known risk of long-term use of typical antipsychotics, including thioridazine. However, while significant, it is not the most specific or unique reason for discontinuing thioridazine in this case. The question emphasizes a serious long-term consequence that is more distinctive to thioridazine.
Choice D reason: Retinal pigmentation and retinal toxicity are serious long-term consequences of high-dose thioridazine, especially when doses exceed 800 mg/day. This can lead to irreversible visual impairment, including nyctalopia, blurred vision, and pigmentary changes in the retina. This rare but severe adverse effect is a key reason clinicians discontinue thioridazine in favor of safer alternatives.
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