A nurse is assisting with the care of a client.

The nurse is collecting data from the client.

Select words from the choices to fill in each blank in the following sentence

The nurse should identify that

____

and

____

Indicate manifestations of borderline personality disorder

B. Ensure two nurses confirm the information on the blood label: Before initiating a blood transfusion, two nurses must verify the client’s identity, blood type, and compatibility with the donor blood. This step is essential to prevent transfusion reactions due to mismatched blood.

C. Obtain a large-bore IV catheter: A large-bore IV catheter (18–20 gauge) is necessary to facilitate the transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs). A smaller gauge may cause hemolysis or delay administration.

D. Witness the client signing a consent for transfusion: A blood transfusion is an invasive procedure requiring informed consent. The nurse ensures the client understands the risks, benefits, and potential complications before signing the consent form.

Incorrect Options:

A. Explain to the client that transfusion reactions are not serious: This is incorrect because transfusion reactions can range from mild allergic responses to life-threatening anaphylaxis or hemolytic reactions. The nurse should educate the client on symptoms to report, such as fever, chills, or dyspnea.

E. Ensure the transfusion tubing is flushed with dextrose 5% in water: Blood products should only be administered with 0.9% sodium chloride to prevent hemolysis. Using dextrose solutions can cause red blood cell aggregation and clot formation.

A) Weight loss: Weight loss is not a sign of fluid overload; rather, it is more indicative of dehydration or insufficient nutritional intake. Fluid overload typically leads to weight gain due to the accumulation of excess fluid in the body, so weight loss would not be a manifestation of this condition.

B) Decreased skin turgor: Decreased skin turgor is a common sign of dehydration, not fluid overload. When a person is dehydrated, the skin loses its elasticity, and it takes longer to return to its normal position after being pinched. This is the opposite of what is seen in fluid overload, where excess fluid causes the skin to appear more swollen or taut.

C) Decreased blood pressure: Decreased blood pressure is more commonly associated with hypovolemia (low fluid volume) or dehydration, rather than fluid overload. In fluid overload, blood pressure may actually rise due to the increased volume of circulating blood, not decrease.

D) Crackles heard in the lungs: Crackles, or rales, heard in the lungs are a classic sign of fluid overload, particularly when the excess fluid accumulates in the lungs (pulmonary edema). This can occur due to the heart's inability to pump effectively, leading to fluid retention in the lungs. Therefore, crackles in the lungs are a key manifestation of fluid overload.