The experience of trauma causes neurochemical changes in the brain that play a role in encoding fear memories that are implicated in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The nurse identifies the involvement of which neurotransmitters?
Glutamate and norepinephrine.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate.
Histamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Acetylcholine and serotonin.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A reason: In PTSD, glutamate drives excitatory signaling in the amygdala, enhancing fear memory consolidation, while norepinephrine heightens arousal via locus coeruleus activation, strengthening traumatic memory encoding. This hyperactive glutamatergic-noradrenergic interaction sustains fear responses, contributing to PTSD’s persistent hyperarousal and intrusive memories.
Choice B reason: GABA inhibits neural activity, counteracting excitation, but its role in PTSD is secondary, modulating rather than driving fear memory formation. Glutamate is critical for memory consolidation in the amygdala, but pairing with GABA does not fully explain PTSD’s hyperarousal and fear encoding mechanisms.
Choice C reason: Histamine regulates wakefulness and arousal but is not directly involved in PTSD’s fear memory encoding. GABA modulates inhibition but does not drive the excitatory processes in the amygdala critical for trauma-related memory consolidation, making this pair irrelevant to PTSD’s core neurochemistry.
Choice D reason: Acetylcholine modulates attention and memory but is not a primary driver of PTSD’s fear responses. Serotonin influences mood but plays a secondary role in trauma memory encoding compared to glutamate and norepinephrine, which directly mediate amygdala hyperactivity in PTSD.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: The amygdala regulates emotional responses like anger and aggression, with excessive norepinephrine and glutamate signaling driving hyperarousal. Its connections to the prefrontal cortex modulate impulsive behaviors, making it the primary structure for aggressive responses in emotional dysregulation.
Choice B reason: The parietal lobe processes sensory and spatial information, not emotions like anger. Aggression involves amygdala-prefrontal cortex interactions, not parietal functions, making this structure irrelevant to the neural basis of anger and aggressive behavior.
Choice C reason: The cerebellum coordinates motor activity and balance, not emotional regulation. Anger and aggression stem from amygdala-driven hyperarousal, not cerebellar function, which lacks direct involvement in emotional processing or behavioral impulsivity.
Choice D reason: The basal ganglia modulate movement and reward, not directly anger or aggression. While dopamine dysregulation may contribute, the amygdala’s role in emotional arousal is primary, making the basal ganglia secondary in this context.
Correct Answer is ["10"]
Explanation
Step 1: Identify the required dose and concentration.
Required dose = 320 mg
Concentration = 160 mg per 5 mL
Result at step 1 = 320 mg ÷ (160 mg ÷ 5 mL)
Step 2: Calculate the volume in milliliters.
First, determine the milligrams per mL:
160 mg ÷ 5 mL = 32 mg/mL
Result at step 2a = 32 mg/mL
Now, calculate the volume:
320 mg ÷ 32 mg/mL = 10 mL
Result at step 2b = 10 mL
Step 3: Round to the nearest whole number.
10 mL is already a whole number.
Result at step 3 = 10 mL
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