The facility education nurse is providing a group of new nurses education regarding weaponized biological threats. When discussing anthrax, which of the following should be included as portals of entry? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

Choice A reason: Performing carotid massage is not an appropriate action for a nurse to take when a client has signs of a stroke, as it may worsen the condition or cause complications. Carotid massage is a technique that involves applying pressure to the carotid artery in the neck to stimulate the vagus nerve and slow down the heart rate. It is used to treat some types of arrhythmias, such as supraventricular tachycardia. However, carotid massage may dislodge a blood clot or plaque from the carotid artery and cause an embolic stroke, which is a type of ischemic stroke that occurs when a blood clot travels to the brain and blocks a blood vessel. Carotid massage may also cause bradycardia, hypotension, or syncope, which can reduce the blood flow to the brain and worsen the ischemic damage.

Choice B reason: Calling for help is an appropriate action for a nurse to take when a client has signs of a stroke, as it initiates the emergency response and allows for prompt evaluation and treatment. Stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted, causing brain cells to die. The sooner the stroke is recognized and treated, the better the chances of survival and recovery. Therefore, the nurse should call for help as soon as possible and activate the stroke protocol in the facility.

Choice C reason: Providing the client with water to test the gag reflex is not an appropriate action for a nurse to take when a client has signs of a stroke, as it may cause aspiration or choking. A gag reflex is an involuntary contraction of the throat muscles that prevents foreign objects from entering the airway. It is tested by touching the back of the throat with a tongue depressor or a cotton swab. However, this test is not indicated in a client who has signs of a stroke, as it may trigger vomiting or coughing, which can increase intracranial pressure or cause bleeding. Moreover, giving water to a client who has signs of a stroke may be dangerous, as they may have dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) or facial weakness, which can impair their ability to swallow safely and increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia.

Choice D reason: Administering thrombolytics is not an appropriate action for a nurse to take when a client has signs of a stroke, as it may be contraindicated or harmful depending on the type and timing of the stroke. Thrombolytics are medications that dissolve blood clots and restore blood flow. They are used to treat ischemic stroke, which is caused by a blood clot that blocks a blood vessel in the brain. However, thrombolytics are not effective for hemorrhagic stroke, which is caused by bleeding into or around the brain. In fact, thrombolytics may worsen hemorrhagic stroke by increasing bleeding and intracranial pressure. Therefore, thrombolytics should only be given after confirming the type of stroke by imaging tests such as computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thrombolytics should also be given within a specific time window after the onset of symptoms, usually within 3 to 4.5 hours, as they may lose their effectiveness or cause complications if given too late. Therefore, administering thrombolytics is not an action that a nurse can take without proper assessment and orders from the health care provider.

Choice A reason: Giving the patient extra time to perform activities is an appropriate action by the nurse. Bradykinesia is a symptom of Parkinson's disease that causes slow and reduced movement, making it difficult for the patient to initiate and complete tasks. The nurse should respect the patient's autonomy and dignity, and allow them to do as much as they can by themselves, without rushing or interfering.

Choice B reason: Teaching the client to walk more quickly when ambulating is not an appropriate action by the nurse. Bradykinesia can affect the patient's gait and balance, making them prone to falls and injuries. The nurse should not encourage the patient to walk faster than their ability, but rather provide them with assistive devices, such as a cane or walker, and ensure a safe environment.

Choice C reason: Placing the client on a low-protein, low-calorie diet is not an appropriate action by the nurse. Bradykinesia does not require any specific dietary modifications, unless the patient has other comorbidities, such as diabetes or hypertension. The nurse should ensure that the patient has adequate nutrition and hydration, and avoid foods that may interfere with their medication absorption, such as high-fiber or high-fat foods.

Choice D reason: Completing passive range-of-motion exercises daily is not an appropriate action by the nurse. Bradykinesia can cause muscle stiffness and rigidity, which can limit the patient's range of motion and flexibility. The nurse should encourage the patient to do active range-of-motion exercises, which involve moving their own joints to their full extent, rather than passive ones, which involve someone else moving their joints for them. Active exercises can help maintain muscle strength and joint mobility and prevent contractures and deformities.