The number of _____ typically increases in response to bacterial infections.
Basophils
Monocytes
Erythrocytes
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
The Correct Answer is E
A. Basophils: These are the rarest leukocytes and primarily release histamine and heparin to mediate inflammation and allergic reactions. While they respond to injury, their numbers do not typically spike as a primary defense against systemic bacterial proliferation. They are more involved in localized chemical signaling.
B. Monocytes: These cells are the precursors to macrophages and are involved in chronic infections and antigen presentation. While they increase during the later stages of an infection, they are not the primary "first responders" that show a rapid, massive increase during acute bacterial invasion. They focus on cellular debris and phagocytosis.
C. Erythrocytes: These are red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport and do not have a functional role in the immune system. Their count remains relatively stable during an infection and does not increase to fight bacteria. An increase in erythrocytes is typically a response to hypoxemia rather than a pathogen.
D. Eosinophils: These granulocytes specialize in destroying large parasites, such as helminths, and modulating allergic responses. Their count typically rises in response to parasitic infestations or asthma rather than bacterial pathogens. They utilize cytotoxic granules to attack multicellular invaders.
E. neutrophils: These are the most abundant white blood cells and act as the primary defense against acute bacterial infections. A high neutrophil count, or neutrophilia, is a standard clinical indicator of an active bacterial process. They utilize phagocytosis and respiratory bursts to rapidly neutralize invading prokaryotic cells.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Hormone at E - Growth Hormone (GH): The diagram indicates that hormone E is released from the anterior pituitary and targets the liver and skeletal muscles. In the liver, it stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) to promote systemic growth. Its action on skeletal muscle facilitates protein synthesis and tissue hypertrophy.
B. Hormone A - Prolactin (PRL): The diagram depicts hormone A traveling from the adenohypophysis to the mammary glands. This protein hormone is essential for initiating and maintaining milk production following parturition. Its secretion is regulated by hypothalamic dopamine, which serves as a primary prolactin-inhibiting factor.
C. Hormone B - Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH): The pathway labeled B shows a tropic hormone targeting the thyroid gland. TSH stimulates the follicular cells of the thyroid to synthesize and release thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This hormone is a critical regulator of systemic basal metabolic rate and cellular heat production.
D. Hormone C - Gonadotropins (FSH and LH): Label C represents the gonadotropins, specifically follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, which target the testes and ovaries. These hormones regulate gametogenesis and the secretion of sex steroids like testosterone and estrogen. They are essential for the maintenance of reproductive cycles and secondary sexual characteristics.
E. Hormone at D - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): The diagram shows hormone D being secreted from the anterior pituitary and traveling specifically to the adrenal gland. More specifically, it targets the adrenal cortex to regulate the production of steroid hormones. It is a critical component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- + H+: This equation represents the primary equilibrium for maintaining physiological acid-base homeostasis. Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which subsequently dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. It accurately depicts the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase.
B. CO2 + H2O ⇌ HCO3- + H+ ⇌ H2CO3: This sequence incorrectly places the ionic dissociation products before the formation of the weak acid intermediate. Chemical equilibrium follows a specific pathway where the hydration of carbon dioxide must produce carbonic acid first. The arrangement does not reflect the standard biochemical progression of this buffer system.
C. H2CO3 ⇌ CO2 + H2O ⇌ HCO3- + H+: This arrangement suggests that carbonic acid is the primary precursor to both carbon dioxide and the dissociated ions simultaneously. While the reaction is reversible, the standard physiological representation starts with the respiratory gas component. This layout disrupts the logical flow of the carbon dioxide-bicarbonate equilibrium.
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