The nurse is caring for a client with sinus bradycardia. The nurse understands that this arrhythmia may be caused by which of the following? Select All That Apply

Hypothermia

Calcium channel blockers medications

Athletic conditioning

Beta-blocker medications

Hyperthyroidism

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B,C,D

A. Hypothermia: Hypothermia can slow the heart rate, leading to bradycardia.

B. Calcium channel blockers medications: These medications can slow the conduction through the AV node, causing bradycardia.

C. Athletic conditioning: Athletes often have a lower resting heart rate due to increased parasympathetic tone, which can lead to sinus bradycardia.

D. Beta-blocker medications: Beta-blockers decrease heart rate by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart.

E. Hyperthyroidism: Hyperthyroidism usually leads to tachycardia, not bradycardia, due to increased metabolism.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Hypokalemia: U waves are often seen on an electrocardiogram in clients with hypokalemia. They represent delayed repolarization of the Purkinje fibers due to low potassium levels.

B. Hypercalcemia: Hypercalcemia affects the QT interval, typically shortening it, but it does not cause U waves.

C. Hyponatremia: Electrocardiographic changes are not commonly associated with hyponatremia.

D. Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia causes peaked T waves, prolonged PR intervals, and wide QRS complexes, not U waves.

A. Client should increase potassium-rich foods in the diet B. Family members of the client should have a cardiac screening C. Client should notify the provider if palpitations develop D. Female clients should use measures to prevent pregnancy E. Client should use caution when taking over-the-counter (OTC) medications F. Client should avoid extremely hot or cold environments G. Client should be encouraged to quit smoking H. Client requires prophylactic antibiotics before dental procedures I. Client should avoid high amounts of caffeine and alcohol

Correct Answer is ["C","E","G","I"]

Explanation

A. Client should increase potassium-rich foods in the diet: Not applicable, as mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is not related to potassium levels.

B. Family members of the client should have a cardiac screening: This is unnecessary unless there is a strong family history of connective tissue disorders associated with MVP.

C. Client should notify the provider if palpitations develop: Palpitations can indicate arrhythmias, which are a possible complication of MVP.

D. Female clients should use measures to prevent pregnancy: Pregnancy is generally not contraindicated in MVP unless there is significant valve regurgitation.

E. Client should use caution when taking OTC medications: Stimulants in OTC drugs, like decongestants, can exacerbate palpitations.

F. Client should avoid extremely hot or cold environments: This is not typically required for MVP.

G. Client should be encouraged to quit smoking: Smoking can exacerbate cardiovascular risks associated with MVP.

H. Client requires prophylactic antibiotics before dental procedures: Not recommended unless there is a history of endocarditis or significant valve regurgitation.

I. Client should avoid high amounts of caffeine and alcohol: Both can exacerbate symptoms like palpitations and arrhythmias.

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The nurse is caring for a client with sinus bradycardia. The nurse understands that this arrhythmia may be caused by which of the following? Select All That Apply

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