The nurse is caring for a patient who is immobile and is at risk for skin impairment. The plan of care includes turning the patient. Which is the best method for repositioning the patient?

A) A nurse who works for an insurance company and collects urine samples from clients who have HIV: While this nurse may interact with clients who have HIV, collecting urine samples does not typically pose a significant risk for HIV transmission. HIV is not transmitted through urine, and the nurse would not be in direct contact with blood or bodily fluids that present a risk.

B) A personal trainer who works with a client who has HIV: A personal trainer is at low risk for contracting HIV while working with a client who has the virus, provided there is no direct exposure to blood or open wounds. HIV is transmitted through specific bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk, and not through casual contact or physical activity like exercise.
C) A phlebotomist who collects blood from clients who have HIV: A phlebotomist is at the greatest risk of contracting HIV because they handle blood directly. If proper precautions, such as gloves and safe needle handling, are not followed, there is an increased risk of exposure to HIV-infected blood. Occupational exposure to blood is one of the most significant routes of HIV transmission in healthcare settings.

D) An occupational therapist who works with a client who has HIV: An occupational therapist working with a client who has HIV is at a low risk of contracting HIV, provided the therapist does not come into direct contact with blood or other potentially infectious bodily fluids. Occupational therapy generally involves helping clients with physical or cognitive tasks and does not typically present a risk for HIV transmission unless there is a breach in infection control practices.

A) Try to do as much as possible for the patient:
While it's important to provide support to a patient with osteoporosis, especially when they are at risk of fractures, the nurse should focus on empowering the patient to maintain as much independence as possible. Over-involvement in their care may limit their ability to maintain or improve mobility and self-care abilities. The priority is addressing nutritional needs and bone health.

B) Encourage dairy products:
While dairy products are an excellent source of calcium, this approach is not suitable for a patient with lactose intolerance. Consuming dairy could lead to discomfort and digestive issues such as bloating, cramps, and diarrhea, which can worsen the patient's symptoms. Alternative sources of calcium should be recommended instead.

C) Monitor intake of calcium:
This is the most appropriate intervention. Monitoring the patient's calcium intake is crucial for individuals with osteoporosis to help strengthen bones and prevent fractures. The nurse can recommend calcium-rich foods that are lactose-free, such as fortified plant-based milks, leafy green vegetables, and fortified cereals. Calcium supplements may also be necessary to meet the daily requirements.

D) Increase intake of caffeinated drinks:
Increasing caffeinated drinks is not advisable for a patient with osteoporosis, as excessive caffeine consumption can interfere with calcium absorption and contribute to bone loss. It is best to limit caffeine intake and focus on promoting good nutritional habits to support bone health.