A nurse reviews an immobilized patient's laboratory results and discovers that his/her calcium lab values are abnormally high (Hypercalcemia). Which condition will the nurse monitor for most closely in this patient?

A) History of smoking: Smoking is a modifiable risk factor, meaning it can be reduced or eliminated through lifestyle changes. While smoking significantly increases the risk of stroke, it is not a nonmodifiable risk factor. Educating clients about the benefits of quitting smoking is important to reduce stroke risk.

B) Obesity: Obesity is also a modifiable risk factor. Lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise can help manage and reduce obesity, which in turn reduces the risk of stroke. While obesity increases the likelihood of stroke, it is not considered nonmodifiable.

C) Genetics: Genetics are a nonmodifiable risk factor. A family history of stroke or certain genetic predispositions can increase the risk of stroke. These genetic factors cannot be altered, which is why they should be included in the discussion about stroke risk factors.

D) History of hypertension: Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a significant risk factor for stroke, but it is modifiable through medication, diet, and lifestyle changes. It is not a nonmodifiable risk factor. Managing blood pressure through appropriate treatment and lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of stroke.

A) A nurse who works for an insurance company and collects urine samples from clients who have HIV: While this nurse may interact with clients who have HIV, collecting urine samples does not typically pose a significant risk for HIV transmission. HIV is not transmitted through urine, and the nurse would not be in direct contact with blood or bodily fluids that present a risk.

B) A personal trainer who works with a client who has HIV: A personal trainer is at low risk for contracting HIV while working with a client who has the virus, provided there is no direct exposure to blood or open wounds. HIV is transmitted through specific bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk, and not through casual contact or physical activity like exercise.
C) A phlebotomist who collects blood from clients who have HIV: A phlebotomist is at the greatest risk of contracting HIV because they handle blood directly. If proper precautions, such as gloves and safe needle handling, are not followed, there is an increased risk of exposure to HIV-infected blood. Occupational exposure to blood is one of the most significant routes of HIV transmission in healthcare settings.

D) An occupational therapist who works with a client who has HIV: An occupational therapist working with a client who has HIV is at a low risk of contracting HIV, provided the therapist does not come into direct contact with blood or other potentially infectious bodily fluids. Occupational therapy generally involves helping clients with physical or cognitive tasks and does not typically present a risk for HIV transmission unless there is a breach in infection control practices.