The nurse is completing a cardiac assessment on a client. The pulmonic valve would best be assessed by auscultating at the:

second intercostal space, left sternal border.

third intercostal space, left sternal border.

second intercostal space, right sternal border

fourth intercostal space, left sternal border.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. The pulmonic valve is best auscultated at the second intercostal space (ICS) on the left sternal border. This is where the area corresponding to the pulmonic valve is most accurately heard due to the anatomical positioning of the heart.

B. This area does not correspond to any valvular area.

C. This location corresponds to the aortic valve, not the pulmonic valve. The aortic valve is best auscultated at the second ICS, right sternal border.

D. This location corresponds to the tricuspid valve, not the pulmonic valve. The tricuspid valve is best auscultated at the fourth or fifth ICS along the left sternal border.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Confusion can be an early sign of hypoxia, especially when oxygen delivery to the brain is compromised. Inadequate oxygenation can affect cognitive function and mental status, leading to confusion. This occurs because the brain is highly sensitive to changes in oxygen levels.

B. Apnea refers to the absence of breathing. While severe hypoxia can lead to respiratory arrest and apnea, it is not typically an early manifestation of hypoxia. Early hypoxia is characterized by attempts to increase ventilation to compensate for decreased oxygen levels, rather than complete cessation of breathing.

C. Cyanosis occurs when there is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood. Cyanosis is a late sign of hypoxia and usually indicates significant oxygen deprivation. It is not typically seen in early hypoxia stages.

DDysrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms) can occur as a result of hypoxia, especially if the heart muscle is not receiving enough oxygen. However, dysrhythmias are generally considered a later manifestation of hypoxia, as the heart attempts to compensate for decreased oxygen delivery.

A. Handling the skin gently B. Ensure daily bathing C. Clothing that will maintain body warmth D. Using skin moisturizers after bathing E. Fluid intake of no more than about 1000 mL

Correct Answer is ["A","C","D"]

Explanation

A. Older adult skin is typically more fragile and prone to injury and tears due to decreased elasticity and thinning. Handling the skin gently helps prevent trauma, skin tears, and bruising, promoting skin integrity and comfort.

C. Older adults are more susceptible to temperature changes and may have difficulty regulating body temperature. Appropriate clothing that helps maintain warmth without causing overheating is essential. This includes wearing layers that can be easily adjusted and using fabrics that are breathable and comfortable.

D. Older adult skin tends to be drier due to decreased oil production and reduced hydration levels. Applying moisturizers after bathing helps replenish lost moisture, maintain skin hydration, and prevent dryness and cracking. It is important to choose moisturizers that are suitable for older adult skin and free from irritants.

B. Daily bathing may not be necessary or suitable for all older adults. Excessive bathing can strip the skin of natural oils, leading to dryness and irritation. Instead, the nurse should promote bathing frequency based on individual skin needs, such as using mild, moisturizing cleansers and lukewarm water.

E. Adequate hydration is crucial for maintaining skin health and overall well-being in older adults. While fluid needs vary among individuals, restricting fluid intake to such a low level (1000 mL) is generally not

appropriate unless medically indicated. Older adults should be encouraged to maintain adequate hydration to support skin elasticity, circulation, and overall health.

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The nurse is completing a cardiac assessment on a client. The pulmonic valve would best be assessed by auscultating at the:

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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Correct Answer is ["A","C","D"]

Explanation

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