The nurse is explaining early changes with Parkinson disease to the student nurse. Which statement by the nurse is correct regarding the pathophysiology of the disease?
There is total absence of dopamine at receptors in brain cells controlling motor movement, causing Parkinson symptoms to appear.
There is an excess of dopamine production and deficiency of acetylcholine production.
There is a decreased production of dopamine and excess of acetylcholine.
There is a deterioration of the myelin sheath of the basal ganglia and the person has tremors.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A reason: There is total absence of dopamine at receptors in brain cells controlling motor movement, causing Parkinson symptoms to appear, is not the correct statement. Parkinson disease is not caused by a complete lack of dopamine, but by a gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, a part of the brain that regulates movement. The symptoms of Parkinson disease, such as tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia, appear when about 80% of the dopamine neurons are lost.
Choice B reason: There is an excess of dopamine production and deficiency of acetylcholine production, is not the correct statement. Parkinson disease is not caused by an excess of dopamine, but by a deficiency of dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that helps to control movement, balance, and coordination. Acetylcholine is another neurotransmitter that works in opposition to dopamine. When dopamine is low, acetylcholine becomes dominant and causes abnormal muscle movements.
Choice C reason: There is a decreased production of dopamine and excess of acetylcholine, is the correct statement. Parkinson disease is caused by a decreased production of dopamine and excess of acetylcholine. This creates an imbalance in the neurotransmitters that regulate movement, leading to the characteristic symptoms of Parkinson disease, such as tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia.
Choice D reason: There is a deterioration of the myelin sheath of the basal ganglia and the person has tremors, is not the correct statement. Parkinson disease is not caused by a deterioration of the myelin sheath, but by a degeneration of the dopamine neurons. Myelin is a fatty substance that covers the axons of the nerve cells and helps to transmit electrical impulses. The basal ganglia are a group of structures in the brain that are involved in movement, learning, and emotion. Tremors are one of the symptoms of Parkinson disease, but they are not the only or the most specific one.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: This is incorrect. Administering a dose of a prescribed antiepileptic drug is an appropriate intervention, but it should be done during the seizure, not after. Positioning the person supine is also not recommended, as it can compromise the airway and increase the risk of aspiration.
Choice B reason: This is incorrect. Wrapping the patient in warm blankets and hyperextending their neck are both harmful actions, as they can increase the body temperature and obstruct the airway. The patient should be kept cool and comfortable, and their head should be tilted to the side or supported with a pillow.
Choice C reason: This is incorrect. Offering the patient a crossword to work on to promote mental stimulation is not an essential intervention, and it may not be feasible or appropriate for a patient who has just experienced a prolonged seizure. The patient may need rest and observation, not cognitive tasks.
Choice D reason: This is correct. Establishing that the patient has a patent airway after the seizure ends and assessing for breathing are the most important interventions, as they ensure the oxygenation and ventilation of the patient. The nurse should also monitor the vital signs, neurological status, and blood glucose levels of the patient.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Evening is not the best time to visit the patient with myasthenia gravis to help with bathing and exercising. Myasthenia gravis is a condition that causes muscle weakness and fatigue, which worsens as the day progresses. Therefore, the patient may have more difficulty performing these activities in the evening.
Choice B reason: Mid-afternoon is not the best time to visit the patient with myasthenia gravis to help with bathing and exercising. Myasthenia gravis causes muscle weakness and fatigue, which may be aggravated by the heat and humidity of the afternoon. Therefore, the patient may have more difficulty performing these activities in the mid-afternoon.
Choice C reason: Morning is the best time to visit the patient with myasthenia gravis to help with bathing and exercising. Myasthenia gravis causes muscle weakness and fatigue, which are less severe in the morning after a night of rest. Therefore, the patient may have more strength and energy to perform these activities in the morning.
Choice D reason: Before bedtime is not the best time to visit the patient with myasthenia gravis to help with bathing and exercising. Myasthenia gravis causes muscle weakness and fatigue, which are most severe at the end of the day. Therefore, the patient may have more difficulty performing these activities before bedtime.
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