The nurse is planning an educational activity about cancer, which term describes a procedure in which cervical tissue removed because abnormal cells are detected?

The breast cancer stage and grade are critical factors in determining the appropriate treatment plan. The stage describes the extent of the cancer, including how large it is and whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body. The cancer grade provides information about how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope, which can help predict how fast the cancer is likely to grow and spread.

While CBC results (option a) and vital signs (option b) may provide some information about the client's overall health, they are not the most important factors in determining breast cancer treatment. Similarly, while the family's wishes for treatment (option d) are important to consider, they should not be the sole determining factor in deciding the best course of action for the client's cancer treatment.

Choice A: Tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia/akinesia, postural instability are correct because they are the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. They are caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain that control movement. Tremors are involuntary shaking of the limbs or other body parts. Rigidity is stiffness or resistance to movement. Bradykinesia/akinesia is slowness or absence of movement. Postural instability is impaired balance or coordination.

Choice B: Dysphagia is correct because it is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease. It is difficulty swallowing food or liquids. It can result from the impairment of the muscles involved in swallowing or from the reduced production of saliva. Dysphagia can cause malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration, or choking.

Choice C: Psychiatric changes: depression, anxiety, dementia, delirium, hallucinations are correct because they are also common non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. They can result from the changes in the brain chemistry or structure, the side effects of medications, or the emotional impact of living with a chronic condition. Depression is a persistent feeling of sadness, hopelessness, or loss of interest. Anxiety is a feeling of nervousness, worry, or fear.

Dementia is a decline in cognitive functions such as memory, atention, or reasoning. Delirium is a sudden state of confusion, disorientation, or agitation. Hallucinations are false perceptions of things that are not there.

Choice D: All of the above are correct because they are possible signs of Parkinson's disease. However, not all patients experience all of these symptoms or to the same degree. The symptoms may vary depending on the stage and progression of the disease, the individual characteristics of the patient, and the treatment options available.