The nurse is taking care of a 80-year-old patient whose blood pressure is 156/96 mm Hg. What is an age-related cause of this blood pressure?

A. Bowel incontinence

Not a common sign of drug reaction; may relate to neurological or GI dysfunction but is not specific to drug effects.

B. Skin rash

Can occur, but less common in older adults due to reduced immune responsiveness.

C. Kidney failure

A serious outcome, not an early or common sign. Often results from long-term nephrotoxicity rather than an acute adverse reaction.

D. Restlessness

Older adults may exhibit non-specific signs such as restlessness, confusion, agitation, or falls as early indicators of drug toxicity.

A. Inability to advance past the present stage

Erikson’s stages are developmental tasks for specific age groups. Older adults do not move to a "next" stage after ego integrity, so this is not applicable.

B. Needs to repeat a previous stage

Erikson doesn’t propose repeating previous stages, but unresolved conflicts from earlier stages may affect current development.

C. Experiences despair

If older adults look back with regret or a sense of failure, they may experience despair, the opposite of ego integrity.

D. Experiences disappointment

While disappointment may be present, despair is the psychosocial conflict Erikson specifically described when ego integrity is not achieved.